Вестник МГТУ. 2020, Т. 23, № 1.

search for a balance of interests of local communities and mining corporations in the context of environmental protection and economic development in order to maintain social sustainability. The main regulatory tool designed to prohibit or restrict economic activity in certain areas of land (or water) in order to protect rare habitats, natural, historical, and cultural heritage is the establishment of protected natural areas (PAs). As of November 2019, the total area of PAs in the Murmansk region is 1,947,799.4 hectares, or 13.4 % of the region's PAs, and includes three State Nature Reserves, one National and two Nature parks, 12 State Reserves (Zakazniks), 55 Nature Monuments, and the protected areas of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden of Kola Science Centre of RAS. Despite the impressive statistics, the PAs network is suboptimal and not very effective: only the State Nature Reserves and one National park, one of the two Natural parks in the region, two Zakazniks, and seven nature monuments can effectively perform their environmental protection functions (their combined area is only 4.2 % of the region's area), the protection regimes in the other NPAs fail to match the existing threats (Suopajarvi et al., 2016). In a "polarized landscape" (Родоман, 1974), an effectively functioning PAs system is a guarantee of social and economic sustainability. For several years now, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Murmansk region (MNR of the Murmansk region) has been conducting focused work to assess the effectiveness of the regional network of protected areas (in 2016, natural monuments in the Pechenga district were surveyed, in 2017 in the Apatity, Kirov, and Monchegorsk districts, in 2018 in the Lovozero district) and to reorganize some of the largest protected areas (Rybachy and Sredny Peninsulas Nature Park, Kolvitsa and Ponoy Ornithological Zakazniks). In addition to the expensive PAs, a cheaper and faster method is available - issuing prescriptions limiting economic activity in certain areas to prevent disturbance to identified protected species of plants, lichens, fungi, and animals (Красная книга..., 2014). In 2018, the MNR of the Murmansk region issued its first after 2003 prescription for the protection of the rare species of vascular plants inhabiting the Luvenga Swamp in the Kandalaksha district (Кожин, 2015). Ignoring statutory requirements in the field of protection of rare species and their habitats can lead to the destruction of the habitat of Red Data Book listed species, which entails administrative and criminal liability and increases social tension in the region. Another solution to the contradiction between the economic interests of the mining industry and environmental protection needs is the establishment of compensatory PAs that would ensure the conservation of the same protected species and their habitats, as a compensation for the territories to be disturbed as part of the industry project and subsequent land reclamation after the decommissioning of the project. The Concept of functioning and development of the network of PAs developed and adopted in 2011 secured the possibility of establishing compensatory protected areas in the vicinity of the community of Teriberka6 in order to support the implementation of the Shtokman oil and gas project, but the plan never materialized as the project was suspended. Conclusions The Murmansk region can be considered an example of a "polarized landscape" according to the concept proposed by Rodoman (1974), where the environmental effect of regulating and supporting ecosystem services in PAs is greatly reduced in the areas accommodating major mining and metals projects, and the scope of economic damage caused by the environmental impacts of the industry is not compensated by adequate environmental protection efforts. On the contrary, significant in area and, most importantly, interconnected undisturbed natural areas (both existing and contemplated) produce a tremendous scope of ecosystem services, and therefore it is advisable to consider these as the core of further socio-economic development of the region. Supporting of resilience and productive functioning of the intact territories of the Murmansk region must be taken into account when developing strategies. Such strategies should exclude as much as possible the development of new mineral deposits in cases where similar useful components can be recovered from industrial and mining waste. To meet the needs of the economy in one or another useful component, it is advisable to search for new technologies and approaches to the use of accumulated mining waste. This will exclude low- grade ore occurrences from geological development plans. The development strategy of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation until 2030 (draft version dated September 12, 2016) lists among measures aimed at protecting the environment reclamation of land areas disturbed as a result of the development of mineral deposits, decommissioning of mine workings, underground structures, and boreholes, restoration of the original landscapes and ecosystems. To do this, is possible to use the already created technologies for the restoration of damaged lands. 6 Концепция функционирования и развития сети особо охраняемых природных территорий Мурманской области до 2018 года и на перспективу до 2038 года утверждена постановлением Правительства Мурманской области от 24 марта 2011 г. № 128-ПП.