Север и рынок. 2022, № 2.

СЕВЕР И РЫНОК: формирование экономического порядка. 2022. № 2. С. 69-81. Sever i rynok: formirovanie ekonomicheskogo poryadka [The North and the Market: Forming the Economic Order], 2022, no. 2, pp. 69-81. СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РЕГИОНАМИ ИАРКТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА The national policy was aimed at the formation and development of industrial centers and social infrastructure of the North. Some special measures of state support concerned the indigenous local population and were directed to preserve its number, health improvement, education, preservation of culture and national traditions. Separate measures of government assistance and substantial "northern" benefits contributed to the consolidation of population permanently living in the Polar regions (Fig. 1). Being initially sparsely populated (as of 1929, 24 thousand people in the Murmansk region; 15 thousand people in the Nenets Autonomous District; 14 thousand people in the Chukotka Autonomous District and 32 thousand people in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District), Polar regions increased their population up to the end of the 80s. It was facilitated by protectionist government policy. As a result, from 1929 to 1989 the Murmansk region's permanent population increased 47.8 times (maximum 1191 thousand people in 1990); the population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District increased 15.2 times (maximum 544 thousand people in 2009); the population of the Chukotka Autonomous District increased 11.3 times (maximum 162 thousand people in 1990); the population of the Nenets Autonomous District increased 3.7 times (maximum 55 thousand people in 1989). Fig. 1. Population dynamics of the Russian Arctic regions After the USSR's collapse, the protectionist Arctic state policy was replaced by a transformational one, which can be tentatively divided into several time stages, each lasting about 10 years. At the first stage (1991-2000), situational policy dominated. During this period, economic activity decreased and it correlated with the all-Russian situation. But a number of compensatory and protectionist measures that were in force during the Soviet period remained and were confirmed by specialized post-Soviet legislation (for example, in 1993, the Federal Law "On State Guarantees and Compensations for Persons Working and Living in the Far North and Equated Localities" was adopted. In 1996, the Federal Law "On the Foundations of State Regulation of the Socio-Economic Development of the North of the Russian Federation" was adopted as well (expired since 1.01.2005). The law established the principle of protectionism and main directions of state policy in the North). Nevertheless, real preferences for the of the Polar regions' population were significantly reduced. As a result, in 1991 (for the first time since 1929) the population decline in the most economically developed Polar regions took place. Over the ten years of the situational policy realization, the Murmansk region has lost 127,5 thousand people of permanent population or 13,8 %. Chukotka Autonomous District — 7 thousand people or 12,2 %. On the contrary, the population in the Yamal-Nenets and Nenets Autonomous Districts has increased because oil and gas production projects actively implemented in these Polar regions contributed to the population attracting. The second stage of transformational policy (2000-2010) can be called "passive-declarative". Strategically, it was aimed at the reducing of interregional differentiation, and not only among the Polar regions, but throughout the entire Russian space. There were developed political and program documents declaring the strengthening of protectionism for the Polar regions. At the same time, the territorial development policy was passive. In fact, a number of benefits for business and the population © Скуфьина Т. П., Баранов С. В., Самарина В. П., Самарин А. В., 2022 74