Север и рынок. 2021, № 1.

ice obstacles along routes and the mechanisms to avoid collisions or detect impediments. It offers a review o f the risks from current and wind and how those risks interact with ice formations, as well as instruments to detect and measure both wind and current factors [10]. “Intelligent Digital Oil and Gas fields: Concepts Collaborations and Right Time Decisions” provides an extensive review o f the current technologies available for the oil and gas industry, including an array o f different types o f sensors and connectivity infrastructure compatible with Arctic conditions that can enhance human ecological safety [10]. It presents technological solutions to prevent oil and gas leaks and to minimize adverse conditions that can lead to technological failure. “Environmental Sustainability and Accountability” provides a novel framework to analyze the impacts o f the extractive industries on renewable resources and the communities that depend on these renewable resources. This source seeks to quantify the cost o f many extractive and industrial processes, and to quantify the risks for natural resources. The book presents a small review o f cases that are consistent with the costs of resource intensive industries like oil and gas. “Bits, Bytes, and Barrels: The Digital Transformation o f Oil and Gas” illustrates the digital transformation and challenges o f the oil and gas industry in adapting to the increasing pace o f change. The final chapters offer a review o f technologies like cloud and SCADA systems to facilitate the communication needs in the fields and support decision making at companies. This book also describes the opportunities o f digital technology to reduce the risks affecting oil and gas companies in challenging environments such as the Arctic [3]. “Resilience engineering” covers many subjects on risk reduction and discusses the most important built-in strategies that can reduce catastrophic events in challenging situations. This resource discusses at length the factors within organizations that exacerbate conditions that can lead to accidents. The book addresses the deeper principles o f risk like sources o f vulnerability and how to manage them effectively. It has several different chapters that explain what makes companies prone to both these vulnerabilities and human error, which is the leading cause of oil and gas accidents. The article, "Low cost remote sensing technologies in the Arctic” presents the availability o f many technologies that provide monitoring o f chemicals and activities under Arctic conditions [5]. Some o f these technologies have not been extensively tested, and therefore might need further investment to evaluate their reliability under cold climate and in ecologically vulnerable regions for larger periods o f time. These technologies are highly adaptable and can decrease risk and increase safety in a variety o f operating areas, from operations to disposal and transportation. Low cost oceanographic probes like ArLoC (Arctic Low Cost Probe) have been deployed on the Proteus platform with great success and accuracy). 4. Theory This model identifies several risks factors, assigns them a weight, proposes an equation to measure risk, and modifies this risk by reducing risk factors to propose a full risk assessment that accounts for risk more accurately than previous models. Although there is insufficient data on oil spills in the Arctic for novel operations in the North Passage this paper incorporates historical data under similar operating conditions (season, type o f equipment). New technologies have caused a revolution in the oil and gas technology. This revolution has affected planning, extraction, transportation and refining operations in the oil and gas industry. The most influential technologies in the oil and gas industry pertain to real time operations; significantly reducing risk by providing more accurate measurements and better communication between sensors and managing operations, further improving decision making capabilities. Drones and submarine vehicles can better monitor operations in natural conditions [4]. This research is relevant to the evaluation o f the effectiveness of oil and gas exploration and transportation o f hydrocarbons through the Northern route that connects Northern America and Europe with the West. Data made available by the World Bank shows that the use o f digital tools in the oil industry has reduced accidents by 6 %, and predictive maintenance in itself can further reduce accidents by 3 % The use o f digital technologies can reduce costs by 10 to 20% and has resulted in a reduction o f 44, 300 in pipeline spills and 66 000 in spills related with extraction operations. Analysts o f the World Bank have further indicated that connected workers have reported a reduction o f 13 % on accidents at specific sites [22]. This research discusses the challenges and presents a new model o f risk minimization that is inclusive o f ecological and safety factors. 6