Север и рынок. 2014, N 5.

V. РЕГИОНЫ И МУНИЦИПАЛИТЕТЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ АРКТИКИ: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ, СТРАТЕГИИ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ IMPACT OF MEGA-PROJECTS: CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARCTIC Rasmus Ole Rasmussen Senior research Fellow, Nordregio, Stockholm, Sweden The development of the settlement structure in the Arctic is influenced by several processes. On one hand it is highly structured by the history of colonialism and advancements in relation to resource access and exploitation. At the same time the traditional subsistence economies as well as the informal economic relations have been crucial ingredients when trying to understand the present development process. A major issue is related to the level of community involvement in the project (Storey and Hamilton 2003). i. The questions raised in the paper relates to what kind of interaction takes place when mobile labour meet locally based labour. Little is known - at least in the Nordic countries - about the influence, role, and position of local businesses, workers and local communities in the wealth creation in the north. Much more can be found in both Russia and North America where boom-and-bust cycles combined with forced interaction between newcomers and previous inhabitants - very often indigenous peoples - has been a recognized issue. Mega-projects in the Arctic have become a hot topic both nationally and internationally. And has become crucial for the development in Greenland as exploitation of the traditional living resources are not sufficient for ensuring the economy. And while exploitation of for instance mineral resources had to rely on the establishing of more permanent settlements up till quite recently, the situation today is moving towards new constraints. Examples from Greenland will show which changes have taken place, and what the potential implications will be for the Greenland society in the future. Types o f interaction frameworks When characterizing projects in relation to resource development, the first question relates to the level of community involvement in the project (Storey and Hamilton 2003), and as discussed by Rasmussen (2003) there are basically three typical forms of involvement, each with a dynamics of their own: Enclave economies, Adjacent activities, and Community Integrated activities. The enclave economies are characterized by situations where all activities at the mine and energy production site are isolated from the surrounding communities, so that the only interaction is through the royalties paid by the mining companies and possible short or long term employment of persons from the communities on an on/off basis, eq. two weeks on, two weeks off. The first situation has been the case in sparsely populated areas with limited accessibility The fact that the activity is situated as an enclave does not eliminate the positive interaction with settlements in a specific area. For instance in connection with the establishing of the "Red Dog" lead and zinc mine close to Kotzebue in NW Alaska one of the requirements by the NANA development corporation was, that the workforce should include a substantial number of workers from nearby settlements, and that the mining activity should contribute to the economy of the 4