МурманшельфИнфо. 2012, N 3 (21).

Îáåñïå÷èâàþùàÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðà. ×åòâ¸ðòàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþ- ùàÿ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòè - ýòî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ñìåæíûõ è ïîääåðæèâàþùèõ îòðàñëåé. Ìàëûå, ñðåäíèå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, ðàáîòàþùèå íà ðûíêå ìàòåðèàëüíî-òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñíàáæåíèÿ è îêàçàíèÿ óñëóã ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì. Òàêæå êàê õîðîøèé, êîíêó- ðåíòîñïîñîáíûé íà âíåøíåì ðûíêå, àâòîìîáèëü íå ñäåëàòü èç íåãîäíûõ êîìïëåêòóþùèõ, òàêæå è êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîá- íîñòü êëþ÷åâûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, à, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, êîíêóðåí- òîñïîñîáíîñòü ðåãèîíà çàâèñèò îò êà÷åñòâà èõ ïîääåðæêè. Ÿ êà÷åñòâî òàêæå ïîâûøàåòñÿ, êîãäà ìàëûé áèçíåñ áîðåòñÿ çà ðåñóðñû êðóïíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Òàì ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ñâîè êëàñòåðû ñìåæíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé îäíîé îòðàñëè, íî óæå èç ïðåäïðèÿòèé ìàëîãî áèçíåñà. Ìîãóò ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ âëèÿòü íà ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé îáñëóæèâà- þùèõ îòðàñëåé? 100% - äà. Êàê ðàáîòîäàòåëü íà ñâîåãî ñî- òðóäíèêà, êîòîðîìó âûïëà÷èâàåò çàðïëàòû è ïðåìèè. Èíñòðó- ìåíòîâ ìíîãî - ðàçìåùåíèå çàêàçîâ, îáó÷åíèå, àóòñîðñèíã. Ïîëó÷àåòñÿ, ÷òî èç 4-õ ôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà êîíêóðåíòî- ñïîñîáíîñòü, ñåðü¸çíî âëèÿòü ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ìîãóò òîëüêî íà 2. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âî-ïåðâûõ, Ïîðòåð ïîñòðîèë ñëåäóþùóþ ëîãè÷åñêóþ öåïî÷êó: åñëè ñóùåñòâóþò êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîá- íûå êîìïàíèè íà âíóòðåííåì ðûíêå, òî îíè ôîðìèðóþò êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíûå îòðàñëè ýêîíîìèêè ñòðàíû, êîòîðûå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïîääåðæèâàþò îáùóþ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîá- íîñòü ãîñóäàðñòâà íà ìèðîâûõ ðûíêàõ. Âî-âòîðûõ, ìàëûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåîáõîäèìûì óñëîâèåì ïîâûøåíèåì êîíêóðåíöèè ýòèõ êëþ÷åâûõ ïðåäïðè- ÿòèé è îäíèì èç íåìíîãèõ óïðàâëÿåìûõ ôàêòîðîâ ïðè ýòîì. Òåïåðü îáðàòèì âíèìàíèå íà ñîñòîÿíèå ìàëîãî áèçíåñà â Ìóðìàíñêîé îáëàñòè.  Ìóðìàíñêîé îáëàñòè, êàê è â öåëîì ïî ñòðàíå, íàáëþäà- åòñÿ ñòàãíàöèÿ ìàëîãî è ñðåäíåãî áèçíåñà. Êîëè÷åñòâî ìà- ëûõ è ñðåäíèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé â ðåãèîíå ñîêðàòèëîñü â 2010 ãîäó íà 26,4 %, ñðåäíåñïèñî÷íàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàáîòíèêîâ - íà 3,5%, îáîðîò ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ñîêðàòèëñÿ íà 20,4 %. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà ïðåäïðèÿòèé è ÷èñëåííîñòè ðàáîò- íèêîâ, íå ñêàçàëàñü íà îáîðîòå òîëüêî ñðåäíèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, â 2010 ãîäó îí âûðîñ íà 22,7 %. Çà 2011 ãîä îòìå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå óìåíüøåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé íà 4,6% è êîëè÷åñòâà ñðåäíèõ ïðåä- ïðèÿòèé íà 11% ê 2010 ãîäó. Íî ïðè ýòîì ñðåäíåñïèñî÷íàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàáîòíèêîâ íà ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ âîçðîñëà íà 1,5%, íà ñðåäíèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ - íà 6,7% (äî 11,4 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê).  2011 ãîäó îáîðîò ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ñîñòàâèë 99,1% ê 2010 ãîäó, ñðåäíèõ - óâåëè÷èëñÿ íà 29,8%. Åñëè ó÷åñòü, ÷òî 90% ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé çàíÿòî â òîðãîâ- ëå è â ñôåðå îêàçàíèÿ óñëóã íàñåëåíèþ, òî ñòàíåò ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî íà ðûíîê ïðåäïðèÿòèé îðèåíòèðîâàíû ñîâñåì íå ìíîãî ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Ñòðåìÿñü ê ïîâûøåíèþ ñâîåé êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòè êðóïíûé áèçíåñ äîëæåí îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå íà ðàçâèòèå ìàëîãî áèçíåñà âîêðóã ñåáÿ. Êðóïíûé áèçíåñ â XXI âåêå íå ñòðåìèòñÿ âëàäåòü ìàêñè- ìàëüíûì îáúåìîì ïðîìûøëåííîãî è ôèíàíñîâîãî êàïèòàëà, âñ¸ áîëüøå ñîñðåäîòà÷èâàÿñü íà çàäà÷àõ óïðàâëåíèÿ. Ïðàâè- òåëüñòâà ìíîãèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ ñ âûñîêèì óðîâíåì æèçíè ìîòè- âèðóþò êðóïíûé áèçíåñ îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ïðîèçâîäñòâ ñ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì íàåìíûõ ðàáîòíèêîâ. Îí ñïîñîáåí ìîòèâèðî- âàòü äðóãèõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ñâîåãî êëàñòåðà äâèãàòüñÿ â íóæíîì íàïðàâëåíèè. Ñîçäàâàåìûå äëÿ ýòîãî ïðîãðàììû ïðåäóñìà- òðèâàþò ìåõàíèçìû, ïîäòàëêèâàþùèå ìàëûé áèçíåñ âêëàäû- âàòü íàêîïëåííûå èìè ñðåäñòâà èìåííî â ðàçâèòèå ñâîåãî êëàñòåðà. Òåì ñàìûì, êðóïíûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, ñíèìàÿ ñ ñåáÿ îïðåäåëåííûå ðèñêè ïðè èçìåíåíèè ðûíî÷íîé êîíúþíêòóðû, ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîõðàíÿþò òå ôèíàíñîâûå ñðåäñòâà, êîòîðûå îá- ðàçóþòñÿ â êëàñòåðå â ðåçóëüòàòå äåÿòåëüíîñòè. ×òî ïîìîãàåò íàïðàâèòü èíèöèàòèâó â íóæíîå êëàñòåðó ðóñëî?  òîì ÷èñëå, îáìåí èíôîðìàöèåé î ðàçâèòèè îñíîâ- íûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Êëàñòåðû – ñïîñîáñòâóþò íåôîðìàëèçî- âàííîìó îáìåíó èíôîðìàöèåé. Ðàçâèòèå âîêðóã êðóïíîãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ êëàñòåðà ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ïîääåðæèâàþùèõ îòðàñëåé ìîæåò äàòü àóò- ñîðñèíã. ×åì áîëüøå ñâîèõ ôóíêöèé êðóïíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå ïðåäïîëàãàåò ïîêóïàòü íà ñâîáîäíîì ðûíêå, òåì áîëüøå âî- êðóã íåãî îáðàçóåòñÿ ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé êîíêóðèðóþùèõ çà çàêàçû. Íà Çàïàäå êîîïåðàöèÿ ñêëàäûâàëàñü îò ÷àñòíîãî ê îáùåìó: íåáîëüøèå ôèðìû, îáúåäèíÿÿ óñèëèÿ, áðàëèñü çà ìàñøòàáíûå ïðîåêòû.  Ðîññèè ïðåîáëàäàþò êðóïíûå ïðåä- ïðèÿòèÿ ñ çàìêíóòûì òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèì öèêëîì. Ñ 1980-õ ãîäîâ companies consisting of small companies form there. Whether it is possible for companies to affect agents of the ensuring industries? 100% Yes. In the same way as employer affects employee paying salary and bonuses. There are number of instruments, such as order placement, education and outsourcing. It appears that companies can influence significantly 2 factors influencing competitiveness out of 4. Thereby, firstly, Porter figured out following logic chain: if there are competitive companies at the home market, than they will form competitive industries of country economy, which support general competitiveness of the country on international markets. Secondly, small companies are essential condition required for the increase of competitiveness of the key companies and also a controllable factor. Let us pay attention to status of the small business in the Murmansk region. In the Murmansk region, as in the country as a whole was noticed stagnation of the small and medium business. The number of the small and medium companies in the region decreased by 26,4%, average number of employees by 3,5%, turnover of the small companies by 20,4% in 2010. Optimization of the number of the companies and workers did not affected only medium business, which grew by 22,7% in 2010. There was a decline in the number of the small companies by 4,6% in 2011 and that by 11% of medium companies in 2010. However, average number of workers in small companies increased by 1,5% and that of medium companies by 6,7% (up to 11,400 people). Turnover of the small companies in 2011 was 99,1% compared to 2010, that of medium companies rose by 29,8%. Considering the fact that 90% of the small companies engaged in sales and services to the public, it becomes clear that there are very few market-oriented companies. Heightening its competitiveness large business should pay attention to the development of the small business around. Large In 21 century business does not aims at ownership of the maximum amount of industrial and finance capital, while it concentrates on management problems. Governments of the number of countries with high life standard encourage large business to give up productions involving high number of workers. That can encourage participants of the cluster to choose right direction. There are mechanisms in programs created for this purpose pushing small business to invest in the development of own cluster. Thereby large companies lower certain risks connected with the change of market situation but still save finances, which were accumulated in the cluster as a result of functioning. What helps to direct initiative on the target? It can be interchange of the information on the development of the main companies. Clusters promote nonformalized interchange of the information. Outsourcing could provide the development of the cluster consisting of the small companies of the ensuring industries around large enterprise. The more functions large company plans to buy on the free market, the more small competing companies will emerge. In the West cooperation developed from particulars to generals. Small companies joined forces to get large projects. In Russia large companies with closed work circle are dominant. Since the 1980 specialized enterprises have set up on their own. Neverthereless, tough relations of production with a single supplier, which, as a rule, is a daughter company, has remained. They do not bring process to the close by not bringing competition in. As a result, there is a discontent with service and idea of outsourcing as a whole. However, competition shows up exactly the most professional supplier of services in the market. Knowledge of the key company business from within allows joint participation in the improvement of the business-processes. Large enterprise often has problems with selecting contractors with necessary facility and number of stuff to carry one or the other kind of work. Small and medium enterprises are disjoined. To produce more profit and to reach higher amounts, they try to accomplish everything on their own without qualified personnel in specialized fields, in order to avoid hiring. At the same time, collaboration of the companies is complicated because there is no legal form of interaction. Client wants to have one responsible official using subcontract. It is a September 2012 ¹ 3(21) MurmanshelfInfo 33