МурманшельфИнфо. 2012, N 3 (21).

èçäåðæåê è îòêðûâàÿ ìåñòíûì ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿì ðàíåå íåäî- ñòóïíûå ðûíêè. Íàëè÷èå õîðîøèõ è áåçîïàñíûõ àâòîìîáèëü- íûõ äîðîã – ñàìûé óáåäèòåëüíûé àðãóìåíò äëÿ èíâåñòîðà, è íàîáîðîò - ïëîõèå äîðîãè èëè èõ îòñóòñòâèå ñíèæàþò èíâå- ñòèöèîííóþ ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü ëþáîé òåððèòîðèé äî íóëÿ. Ó äîðîã åñòü åùå îäíî âàæíîå ñâîéñòâî - ïî äîðîãàì èñ- ïîêîí âåêîâ ïåðåìåùàþòñÿ íå òîëüêî ãðóçû è ëþäè, íî è èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïðîáóæäàÿ âîîáðàæåíèå, òðàíñôîðìèðóÿñü, îñåäàÿ, ïîäãîòàâëèâàÿ ñîçíàíèå ëþäåé ê íîâûì èäåÿì, òåõ- íè÷åñêèì è òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèì çàèìñòâîâàíèÿì, ñïîñîáñòâóÿ ðåàëèçàöèè òâîð÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèàëà, äåëàÿ æèçíü èíòåðåñ- íåå è ïîëíåå, òî åñòü - ïîâûøàÿ êà÷åñòâî æèçíè ëþäåé. Âûâîä: Ðàçâèòèå òðàíñïîðòà è ëîãèñòèêè - ïåðâîå óñëî- âèå êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòè ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé èç óäàë¸ííûõ òåððèòîðèé. Âåëè÷èíà òðàíñïîðòíûõ èçäåðæåê - êëþ÷ ê âû- õîäó ìåñòíîé ïðîäóêöèè íà âíåøíèå ðûíêè è ê äîñòóïíîñòè òîâàðîâ è óñëóã äëÿ ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. Ìîáèëüíîñòü ëþ- äåé è ãðóçîâ - êðèòè÷åñêîå óñëîâèå äëÿ ñòèìóëèðîâàíèÿ â ïåðèôåðèè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâà è çàêðåïëåíèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ. Ïðèîðèòåòíàÿ çàäà÷à - ñòðîèòåëüñòâî è óëó÷øåíèå ñîñòîÿ- íèÿ àâòîìîáèëüíûõ äîðîã äëÿ ïîâñåäíåâíûõ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ è ñîöèàëüíûõ íóæä áèçíåñà è íàñåëåíèÿ. Àâòîìîáèëüíûå äîðîãè - íå òîëüêî êàòàëèçàòîð ðàçâèòèÿ è îñíîâà íàðàùè- âàíèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèàëà è ñîöèàëüíîãî áëàãîïî- ëó÷èÿ, íî è ñòðàõîâêà îò ðèñêîâ «êîëîíèàëüíîãî ñöåíàðèÿ» îñâîåíèÿ àðêòè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé. Ýòè ðèñêè òåì íèæå, ÷åì äîñòóïíåå òåððèòîðèÿ è ìîáèëüíåå åå ãðàæäàíå. Проекты международного сотрудничества по развитию дорог в северной периферии Баренц Региона Ðÿä îáúåêòèâíûõ «ñåâåðíûõ» îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ óñëîæíÿåò ðå- øåíèå çàäà÷ ïî óëó÷øåíèþ ñåâåðíûõ äîðîã, à èìåííî: • Ïðîòÿæåííîñòü ðàññòîÿíèé; • Êëèìàòè÷åñêèå, ãåîëîãè÷åñêèå è ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêèå îñî- áåííîñòè (òóíäðà, âå÷íàÿ ìåðçëîòà, çàáîëî÷åííîñòü, îá- øèðíûå ïîéìåííûå òåððèòîðèè è áóðíûå âåñåííèå ïàâîä- êè, çèìíèå çàíîñû, êîðîòêèé ñòðîèòåëüíûé ñåçîí); • Äåôèöèò êà÷åñòâåííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, êîòî- ðûå íåðåäêî ïðèõîäèòñÿ çàâîçèòü èçäàëåêà, ÷òî óäîðîæàåò äîðîæíûå ðàáîòû íà ñåâåðå; • Íèçêàÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòü äâèæåíèÿ íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ñåòè ðåãèîíàëüíûõ äîðîã, ÷òî íå ïîçâîëÿåò îáîñíîâàòü íåîáõîäè- ìîñòü ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ òàêèõ äîðîã â ïîëíîöåí- íîì îáúåìå. Ïîýòîìó áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü äîðîæíîé ñåòè - ãðà- âèéíûå, à òî è âîâñå ãðóíòîâûå äîðîãè; • Íåñìîòðÿ íà ìàëóþ èíòåíñèâíîñòü äâèæåíèÿ, äîëÿ òÿæå- ëîãî äâèæåíèÿ ïî ñåâåðíûì äîðîãàì âåëèêà, ÷òî îáóñëîâëå- íî çàâîçîì òÿæ¸ëûõ ãðóçîâ (òåõíèêà, òîïëèâî, ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû) è âûâîçîì ìåñòíîé ïðîäóêöèè, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñû- ðüÿ (ëåñ, ðóäà è ò.ä.). Åñëè áû çíà÷åíèå ýòèõ ãðàâèéíûõ äî- ðîã èçìåðÿëîñü íå èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ, à òÿæåñòüþ ãðóçîïîòî- êîâ, òî ñòàëî áû î÷åâèäíûì èñòèííîå çíà÷åíèå ýòèõ «äîðîã æèçíè» íå òîëüêî äëÿ ìåñòíûõ ýêîíîìèê, íî è íàöèîíàëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè â öåëîì. Ðåøåíèå «äîðîæíîé» ïðîáëåìû â ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ñåâåðà, äà åùå è â óñëîâèÿõ äåôèöèòà ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ - âû- çîâ äëÿ äîðîæíîé îòðàñëè. Îäíàêî, ñðåäè «ïëîõèõ íîâîñòåé» åñòü è «õîðîøàÿ íîâîñòü»: òàêàÿ çàäà÷à âïîëíå óñïåøíî ðå- øàåòñÿ ñîâìåñòíûì óñèëèÿì äîðîæíèêîâ ñòðàí Ñåâåðíîé Åâðîïû: Ôèíëÿíäèè, Øâåöèè, Íîðâåãèè, Èñëàíäèè, Ãðåíëàí- äèè, Øîòëàíäèè è Èðëàíäèè. Èõ äåÿòåëüíîñòü çàìåòíî ñî- äåéñòâîâàëà ïîâûøåíèþ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòè áèçíåñà è êà÷åñòâà æèçíè íàñåëåíèÿ â ïåðèôåðèéíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Âîïðîñ: Åñëè äîðîæíèêè äðóãèõ ñòðàí ñïîñîáíû ïðèíÿòü âûçîâ è óëó÷øàòü äîðîãè â óñëîâèÿõ ñåâåðà è äåôèöèòà ôè- íàíñèðîâàíèÿ, òî ïî÷åìó ýòà çàäà÷à íåïîñèëüíà äëÿ ðîñ- ñèéñêèõ äîðîæíèêîâ?  2011 ãîäó â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû ïðèãðàíè÷íîãî ñîòðóäíè- ÷åñòâà Kolarctic ENPI CBC áûë íà÷àò ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ïðîåêò «Óïðàâëåíèå äîðîãàìè ñ íèçêîé èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ äâèæåíèÿ â Áàðåíö Ðåãèîíå». Ïðîåêò îòêðûë äîñòóï ðîññèéñêèì äî- ðîæíèêàì ê èíôîðìàöèè è îïûòó çàðóáåæíûõ êîëëåã, ê âîç- ìîæíîñòè ïîâûñèòü ïðîôåññèîíàëèçì, çàèìñòâîâàòü òåõíî- roads in the full amount. So most of the road network are gravel or dirt roads; • Despite the low density of traffic, the percentage of heavy traffic on the North roads is high, due to the importation of heavy loads (equipment, fuel, building materials) and the export of local products, as a rule, raw materials (wood, ore, etc.). If the value of the gravel roads were measured not by intensity and severity of traffic, the true meaning of this Road of Life not only for the local economies, but also for the national economy, as a whole, would become apparent. Solution of the road problems in the specific conditions of the North and also in a shortage of funding is a challenge for the road sector. However, there are good news among the bad news. This problem has been solved quite successfully by combined efforts of road builders of Nordic countries: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Scotland and Ireland. Their activities contributed significantly to the improvement of business competitiveness and quality of life in the peripheral areas. Q: If the road workers in other countries were able to take up the challenge and improve roads in the North conditions and considering funding shortage, why is it a daunting task for Russian road sector? In the framework of cross-border cooperation Kolarctic ENPI CBC in 2011 started an international project Management of the low traffic roads in the Barents Region. The project opened up Russian road construction access to the knowledge and experience of foreign colleagues and gave the opportunity to heighten the professionalism, adopt technology improving the performance of roads in the most difficult conditions. Experience of neighboring Finland is convincing, which shows that the output of financial resources could be increased by 5-6 times, if instead of following the general rules to turn on engineering thinking based on: • improved understanding of the mechanisms of destruction of roads under the influence of various combinations of natural conditions and loads; • accurate diagnosis of the causes of road damage. The result of the engineering approach: • road maintenance management strategy based on targeted and specific measures removing the causes of destruction, which is several times cheaper than traditional Russian practice of elimination of arisen traffic problems. • release of funds and capacity of road sector, so that even with straitened financial capacity to be able improve road condition and reduce the costs for participants of the traffic. The international project is in the middle of implementation. However, important conclusions has been made: 1. Capacity building of information and professionals resources improves technology resource increasing available financing resource through the right set of priorities in the organization of road works and reducing the cost of these works. 2. Along with increased economic benefits, there is a reduced impact of road works on ecosystems (decline in land work, quarrying and carriage). September 2012 ¹ 3 (21) MurmanshelfInfo 25