МурманшельфИнфо. 2012, N 3 (21).

Ðåãèîíàëüíîå ðàçâèòèå Regional Development 20 ñåíòáðü 2012 ¹ 1(19) ÌóðìàíøåëüôÈíôî 2. Äåòñêàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü, êîòîðàÿ âûøå; 3. Óõóäøåíèå óñëîâèé ïðîæèâàíèÿ äëÿ áîëüøåé ÷àñòè íà- ñåëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè (êà÷åñòâî ïèòüåâîé âîäû, âîçäóõà, ñà- íèòàðíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñðåäû ïðîæèâàíèÿ); 4. Äîñòóï ê ñîöèàëüíûì óñëóãàì (çäðàâîîõðàíåíèå, îáðà- çîâàíèå, êóëüòóðà) äëÿ íàñåëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè çàòðóäíåí, à êîëè÷åñòâî óñëóã è îáúåêòîâ, ïðåäîñòàâëÿþùèõ ñîöèàëüíûå óñëóãè íà äóøó íàñåëåíèÿ, íèæå, ÷åì â ìåòðîïîëèè; 5. Óðîâåíü îáðàçîâàííîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè íèæå; 6. Çàâèñèìîñòü ýêîíîìèêè òåððèòîðèè îò ýêñïîðòà ñûðüÿ è ïðîäóêöèè åãî ïåðâè÷íîé îáðàáîòêè, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îò êîëåáàíèÿ öåí è ñïðîñà íà ìèðîâîì ðûíêå, à òàêæå îãðàíè- ÷åíèé, ââîäèìûõ ñòðàíàìè-ïîòðåáèòåëÿìè (ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå, ñàíèòàðíûå è ò.ï.); 7. Îáùàÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ íåãðàìîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ òåððè- òîðèè; 8. Ïàññèâíîñòü îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì, ñâÿ- çàííûì ñ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé, èãíîðèðîâàíèå âëàñòÿìè ìíåíèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ ïðè ïðèíÿòèè ðåøåíèé; 9. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîé îïïîçèöèè è ñâîáîäû ñëîâà; 10. Êëþ÷åâàÿ ðîëü ñûðüåâûõ êîðïîðàöèé â âîïðîñàõ âíó- òðåííåé ïîëèòèêè òåððèòîðèè; 11. Îòñóòñòâèå ïîëíîöåííûõ äîêóìåíòîâ, îòðàæàþùèõ äîëãîñðî÷íóþ âíóòðåííþþ ïîëèòèêó òåððèòîðèàëüíîé âëà- ñòè (êîíöåïöèè, ñòðàòåãèè, ïðîãðàììû); 12. Óñèëåííîå âîåííîå ïðèñóòñòâèå; 13. Íåðàçâèòîñòü òðàíñïîðòíîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû äëÿ îáå- ñïå÷åíèÿ ïîâñåäíåâíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè áèçíåñà è ãðàæäàí, íåäîñòàòî÷íûé óðîâåíü ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ åå ñîäåðæàíèÿ; 14. Âûñîêàÿ àâàðèéíîñòü íà ïðîèçâîäñòâå è íà òðàíñïîðòå; 15. ÂÐÏ è äîõîä íà äóøó íàñåëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè íèæå, ÷åì â ìåòðîïîëèè; 16. Íåðàâíîìåðíîñòü âåëè÷èíû äîõîäà íà äóøó íàñåëåíèÿ ïî òåððèòîðèè; 17. Îòñóòñòâèå ïîëíîöåííûõ äàííûõ â ñâîáîäíîì äîñòóïå, ïîçâîëÿþùèå îöåíèòü ïåðå÷èñëåííûå èíäèêàòîðû. ×åì áîëüøå èíäèêàòîðîâ èç ïåðå÷èñëåííîãî ñïèñêà õà- ðàêòåðèçóþò ñèòóàöèþ â òåððèòîðèè, òåì âûøå ðèñêè òåð- ðèòîðèè ñêàòèòüñÿ ê ñîñòîÿíèþ ñûðüåâîé êîëîíèè äàæå â 21 âåêå. Âîïðîñ: Êàê ìèíèìèçèðîâàòü ðèñêè îñâîåíèÿ îáøèðíûõ àðêòè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé ïî êîëîíèàëüíîìó ñöåíàðèþ? Уроки истории освоения Арктики Òðàäèöèîííûé õîçÿéñòâåííûé óêëàä êîðåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ Êðàéíåãî Ñåâåðà áûë âåêàìè àäàïòèðîâàí ê ñóðîâûì êëèìà- òè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì, îðãàíè÷íî èíòåãðèðîâàí â ìåñòíûå ýêî- ñèñòåìû è óñòîé÷èâ íà îñíîâå âîçîáíîâëÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ. Ïðèðîäà äàâàëà ÷åëîâåêó âñå íåîáõîäèìîå äëÿ æèçíè ÷åðåç îëåíåâîäñòâî, ðûáîëîâñòâî, îõîòó, ñáîð äàðîâ ëåñà è òóíäðû. Ìàññîâîå îñâîåíèå Êðàéíåãî Ñåâåðà ñ 30-õ ãîäîâ 20 âåêà ïðîâîäèëîñü ÷åðåç íàñàæäåíèÿ ìîäåëè õîçÿéñòâåííîãî óêëàäà, ñôîðìèðîâàâøåéñÿ â áîëåå þæíûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Ïðè- ìåðû - îëåíåâîä÷åñêèå êîëõîçû, êîëëåêòèâèçàöèÿ ïîìîð- 4. Access to social services (healthcare, education, culture) causes difficulties for population of the territory and the number of services and facilities providing social services per capita is lower than in the metropolis; 5. Educational level of the populayion on the territory is lower; 6. Dependence of the economy of the territory on the export of raw materials and products of its primary processing and, consequently, on the fluctuations of prices and demand at the global market, as well as restrictions imposed by consumer countries (environmental, health, etc.); 7. General ecological illiteracy of the population of the territory; 8. Passivity of the public opinion on issues related to the environment, government ignores views of the people in decision-making; 9. Restrictions on the political opposition and freedom of speech; 10. The key role of raw materials corporations in matters of domestic policy on the territory; 11. Lack of documents reflecting long-term domestic policy of territorial authorities (concepts, strategies and programs); 12. Increased military presence; 13. Poor transportation infrastructure for the daily mobility of businesses and citizens, lack of funding for its maintenance; 14. High accident rate on production and transport; 15. Gross regional product and per capita income on the territory is lower than in the metropolis; 16. Irregularity of the income per capita on the territory; 17. Absence of freely available comprehensive data which allows assessing these indicators. The more indicators of the following list describe the situation in the area, the higher the risk of sliding into the state of the resource colony even in the 21st century. Question: How to minimize the risks of developing vast Arctic territories following the colonial scenario? Lessons of history on the Arctic development Traditional economic structure of the indigenous population of the Far North for centuries was adapted to harsh climatic conditions, organically integrated into local ecosystems and stable basing on renewable natural resources. Nature gave man all the necessities of life through herding, fishing, hunting and gathering of forest and tundra products. Mass development of the Far North starting from the 30´s of the 20 th century was conducted through implanting of the economic model that emerged in more southern conditions. Examples reindeer farms, Pomeranian collectivization of Pomor farms, cultivation of maize, large-scale reclamation of swamps in order to convert them into agricultural land, turning northern rivers and fiscal-prohibitionist policy for coastal fisheries. All these experiments ended in failure with environmental, economic and social consequences for the North and its people. Fact: Destruction of organic interaction between man and nature in the Far North undermine the basis of the economic structure and well-being of the indigenous population dependent on the sustainability of the natural mechanisms of renewal resources. Consequently, there are reduction of the resource