МурманшельфИнфо. 2012, N 3 (21).

September 2012 ¹ 3 (21) MurmanshelfInfo 17 ÷åñêè îáîñíîâàííîå ðåøåíèå è âûáðàòü îïòèìàëüíûé âàðè- àíò ðåàãèðîâàíèÿ. Îäíàêî ñîçäàííàÿ ñèñòåìà ËÀÐÍ íå ìîæåò ïîëíîöåííî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü, ïîêà íå áóäåò ñîçäàí èíôîðìàöèîííûé áàíê äàííûõ ïî ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì âñåõ òèïîâ ðîññèéñêîé ñûðîé íåôòè è èõ îòáåíçèíåííûõ ôðàê- öèé, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ åñòåñòâåííîìó èñïàðåíèþ íåôòè â ìîðñêîé ñðåäå ÷åðåç îïðåäåëåííûå ïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè è ïðè ðàçíûõ ìåòåîóñëîâèÿõ, à òàêæå áàíê õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåà- ãåíòîâ (äèñïåðãåíòîâ) íà ïðåäìåò èçó÷åíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èõ äåéñòâèÿ íà ðàçíûå òèïû íåôòè. Êàæäîå èç ýòèõ èññëå- äîâàíèé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíî ïî âðåìåíè è òðóäîçàòðàòàì, íî òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå ñîçäàíèÿ áàíêà íåôòè è äèñïåðãåíòîâ âîç- ìîæíî îñóùåñòâëÿòü ìîíèòîðèíã äîáûâàåìîé è òðàíñïîð- òèðóåìîé íåôòè è îïåðàòèâíî ïðîâîäèòü ýêñïðåññ-àíàëèç â ñëó÷àå ðàçëèâà. Îöåíèâàÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ âîñòðåáîâàííîñòü ïðîâåäåíèÿ äàííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è îñòðóþ ïîòðåáíîñòü â èíòåíñèôè- êàöèè ðàáîò, íåîáõîäèìî îáåñïå÷èòü åæåãîäíîå ôèíàíñè- ðîâàíèå èññëåäîâàíèé, äëÿ ÷åãî íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå íåîáõî- äèìî ïðèíÿòü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ðåøåíèå. Äàííàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ ëèêâèäàöèè àâàðèéíûõ ðàçëèâîâ íåô- òè â òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò óñïåøíî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ â Íîðâåãèè, ÑØÀ, Êàíàäå ïðè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì íîðìàòèâíîì ïðàâîâîì ðåãóëèðîâàíèè ñî ñòîðîíû ãîñóäàðñòâà. Ïðè ýòîì ôèíàí- ñèðîâàíèå èññëåäîâàíèé âîçëîæåíî íà íåïîñðåäñòâåííûõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ïðîöåññà: âëàäåëüöåâ è ïåðåâîç÷èêîâ íåôòè.  1990 ãîäó áûëî ïðèíÿòî ìåæäóíàðîäíîå Ñîãëàøåíèå ïî ëèêâèäàöèè ðàçëèâîâ íåôòè, ê êîòîðîìó âïîñëåäñòâèè ïðè- ñîåäèíèëàñü Ðîññèÿ. Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà åãî âûïîëíåíèå âîçëîæåíà íà Ìèíèñòåðñòâî òðàíñïîðòà ÐÔ. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ Ñîãëàøåíèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàåò, â òîì ÷èñëå, íàëè÷èå äàííûõ î ñîñòàâå è ñâîéñòâàõ íåôòè, òðàíñïîðòèðóåìîé ïî àêâàòî- ðèÿì ðîññèéñêèõ (â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñåâåðíûõ) ìîðåé. Ïðèêàçîì Ìèíòðàíñà Ðîññèè îò 6 àïðåëÿ 2009 ãîäà ¹ 53 óòâåðæäåíî Ïîëîæåíèå î ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ïîäñèñòåìå îðãàíèçàöèè ðà- áîò ïî ïðåäóïðåæäåíèþ ëèêâèäàöèè ðàçëèâîâ íåôòè è íåô- òåïðîäóêòîâ â ìîðå ñ ñóäîâ è îáúåêòîâ íåçàâèñèìî îò èõ âåäîìñòâåííîé è íàöèîíàëüíîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè. Ìåæäó òåì, âíåäðåíèå äàííîé òåõíîëîãèè äî ñèõ ïîð ïðî- áóêñîâûâàåò. Îáðàùåíèÿ îðãàíèçàöèé-ó÷àñòíèêîâ ïðîåêòà â ðàçëè÷íûå ìèíèñòåðñòâà è âåäîìñòâà íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü íå äàëè ïîçèòèâíîãî ðåçóëüòàòà, à ïðîåêò Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêîíà «Î çàùèòå ìîðñêèõ îáúåêòîâ îò çàãðÿçíåíèé íåô- òüþ» íàõîäèòñÿ íà ðàññìîòðåíèè â Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé Äóìå ñ àïðåëÿ 2010 ãîäà è äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïðèíÿò. Íîâûé ïðîåêò â ðàìêàõ Êîëàðêòèê ïîçâîëèò ñîçäàòü áàíê äàííûõ íåôòè è ïðîâåñòè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè äåé- ñòâèÿ äèñïåðãåíòîâ íà ðàçíûå òèïû ðîññèéñêîé íåôòè.  çà- âåðøåíèå ïðîåêòà áóäóò ïðîâåäåíû ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ó÷åíèÿ è ðàçðàáîòàíû ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ áàíêà äàííûõ è ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèþ òåõíîëîãèè ëèêâèäàöèè àâàðèéíûõ ðàç- ëèâîâ íåôòè. Íåîáõîäèìî òàêæå îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âíåäðåíèå ñîâðåìåí- íîé òåõíîëîãèè ËÀÐÍ êðàéíå âàæíî âî âñåõ ïðèìîðñêèõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè. Íî îñîáåííî ýòî àêòóàëüíî äëÿ Àðêòèêè, ãäå, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû êðóïíåéøèå çàïàñû óãëåâîäîðîäîâ, à, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, î÷åíü ìåäëåííî âîñ- ñòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ áèîðåñóðñû ïîñëå íåãàòèâíûõ òåõíîãåííûõ âîçäåéñòâèé . it would become possible to monitor produced and transported oil and promptly conduct a rapid analysis in the case of spill. Assessing practical relevance of this research and urgent need to intensify the work, it is necessary to provide annual funding for research, for which the first step is to take a state decision. This technology of oil spill response has been successfully used for years in Norway, the U.S. and Canada with the appropriate legal regulation by the state. Moreover, the research funding was assigned to direct stakeholders: owners and transporters of oil. In 1990 was taken an international agreement on oil spill response, which Russia has joined later. Responsibility for its implementation lies with the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Implementation of the Agreement requires, in particular, availability of data on the composition and properties of oil transported within Russian water areas (especially northern). Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation on April 6, 2009 ¹ 53 approved the Regulation on the functional subsystem of the work organization preventing oil spills and oil products into the sea from ships and facilities regardless of their departmental and national origin. Meanwhile, the introduction of this technology is still stalling. Appeals of organizations participating in the project to the various ministries and agencies have not given positive results, and the project of the Federal Law On Protection of Offshore Objects from Oil Pollution is being considered by the State Duma from April 2010 and has not yet been adopted. A new project within Kolarctic will allow creating a database of oil and conducting research on the effectiveness dispersants on different types of Russian oil. At the completion of the project would be held international trainings and developed recommendations for use of the database and technology improvement of oil spill response. It should also be noted that the introduction of the modern OSR technology is essential in all coastal regions of Russia. But it is especially true for the Arctic, where, on the one hand, there are the largest hydrocarbon reserves and, on the other hand, is a very slowly recovering after negative anthropogenic impacts biological resources.