МурманшельфИнфо. 2012, N 3 (21).

Íåôòåãàçîâàÿ îòðàñëü Oil and Gas industry Начало Íîðâåæñêàÿ íåôòåãàçîâàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ïðîøëà äîë- ãèé ïóòü ñ ìîìåíòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïåðâûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé íåôòè â 60-õ. Ðàçìåð íîðâåæñêîãî øåëüôà áûë îïðåäåë¸í ïîñëå ïåðåãîâîðîâ î ãðàíèöå. Ïåðâîå êðóïíîå ìåñòîðîæäå- íèå-Ýêîôèñê áûëî íàéäåíî â 1969 ã. Ïîñëå ýòîãî ïðåäñòîÿ- ëî ïðèíÿòü ìíîæåñòâî ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé. Ðåøåíèå î ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ê ñåâåðó îò 62° ñåâåðíîé øèðîòû áûëî ïðèíÿòî â 1969 ã. â ðåçóëüòàòå íåô- òÿíîé ëèõîðàäêè ïîñëå îòêðûòèÿ Ýêîôèñê. 14 èþíÿ 1971 ã. íîðâåæñêèé Ïàðëàìåíò (Ñòîðòèíã) ïðèíÿë Äåñÿòü íåôòÿíûõ çàïîâåäåé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ íåôòåãàçîâîé ïðî- ìûøëåííîñòè. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãëàâàìè â äåêëàðàöèè ïðèí- öèïîâ, çàêðåïëÿþùèõ íîðâåæñêóþ ïîëèòèêó â íåôòåãàçîâîé îòðàñëè è îáåñïå÷èâàþò ðàñïðåäåëåíèå äîõîäîâ îò íå¸ «íà áëàãî âñåé íàöèè». Îäíà èç íèõ ãëàñèò: «äîëæåí áûòü ðàç- ðàáîòàí ïëàí äåÿòåëüíîñòè äëÿ òåððèòîðèè ê ñåâåðó îò 62-é ïàðàëëåëè, êîòîðûé ñîîòâåòñâóåò óíèêàëüíûì ñîöèîïîëè- òè÷åñêèì ôàêòîðàì, ïðèñóùèì ýòîé ÷àñòè ñòðàíû». Òàê íà- ÷àëàñü èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ íåôòåãàçîâîé îòðàñëè íà Ñåâåðå. Îäíàêî ïåðâûå ðàçðàáîòêè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé íà÷àëèñü íàìíî- ãî ïîçäíåå, ïîñëå ìíîãîëåòíèõ íàäåæä è ðàçî÷àðîâàíèé. Работа над привлечением нефтегазовой промышленности Ðåøåíèå î ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ íà ñåâåðå ïðè- âåëî ê îæèäàíèþ ïîçèòèâíûõ èçìåíåíèé â ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîëèòèêå íà Ñåâåðå. Ýòî áûëî íà÷àëî Õàììåðôåñòà, êàê íå- ôòåãàçîâîãî ãîðîäà. Ïîëèòèêè â Õàììåðôåñòå, âëàñòè è ïðî- ìûøëåííîñòü èãðàþò àêòèâíóþ ðîëü â ïîãîòîâêå ïðîìûø- ëåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ â ðåãèîíå ñ 1969 ãîäà è ïî ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü. Ìàëåíüêîå îáùåñòâî èìåëî ñèëüíóþ âåðó â âàæíîñòü íåôòåãàçîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè äëÿ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ðåãèîíà è äëÿ åãî ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòè. Ïîñòàâùèêè è èíâåñòîðû ñëå- äóþò çà íåôòåãàçîâûìè êîìïàíèÿìè. Ïîýòîìó âëàñòè Õàì- ìåðôåñòà àêòèâíî ðàáîòàëè íàä ñîçäàíèåì áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ óñëîâèé è èíôðàñòðóêòóðû, ÷òîáû ïðèâëå÷ü íåô-òåãàçîâóþ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü â ðåãèîí. Õàììåðôåñò ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì íåôòåãàçîâûì ãîðî- äîì â Íîðâåãèè, ãäå â îäíîì ìåñòå åñòü áàçà ñíàáæåíèÿ, âåðòîëåòíàÿ áàçà, äîñòàâêà ãàçà íà áåðåã, ïåðåðàáîòêà ãàçà è áàçà ïî çàùèòå îò ðàçëèâîâ íåôòè. Âñå ýòè ýëåìåíòû ïî- ÿâèëèñü â ðåçóëüòàòå àêòèâíîé ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû â ñîò- ðóäíè÷åñòâå ñ ìåñòíîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ. Èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå íåôòåãàçîâûõ ãîðîäîâ Íîðâåãèè áûëî íåäàâíî îïèñàíî â êíèãå, èçäàííîé Íîðâåæñêèì Íåôòåãàçîâûì Ìó- çååì.  ñòàòüå î Õàììåðôåñòå, Áüîðí Áüîðãâå, êîîðäèíàòîð ïî ðàáîòå ñ ïîñòàâùèêà ìèêîìïàíèè Ýíè Íîðãå, îïèñûâàåò íà÷àëî ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû, êîòîðàÿ áûëà ïðîâåäåíà åùå â íà÷àëå 70-õ, äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïîìåñòèòü Õàììåðôåñò íà íåôòåãàçîâóþ êàðòó. Àêñåëü Îëñåí – ìýð Õàììåðôåñòà ñ 1966 ïî 1971 ã. áûë ÷ëåíîì ïåðâîãî ñîâåòà äèðåêòîðîâ Íîðâåæñêîãî íåôòÿíîãî äåðåêòîðàòà (1972-1978) è âåðîÿòíî,áëàãîäàðÿ åãî ðàáîòå íà Ñåâåðå áûëè îòêðûòû äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ è äîáû÷è òåððèòîðèè Òðîìñ I (ãäå ïîçäíåå áûëî íàéäåíî ìåñòîðîæäåíèå Ñí¸âèò) è Òðîìñ II. Àêñåëü Îëñåí áûë òàê æå ïåðâûì ïðåäñåäàòåëåì ïðàâëå- íèÿ Íåôòåãàçîâîãî êîìèòåòà â Õàììåðôåñòå.  1972 ãîäó íà âñòðå÷å ñ ïåðâûì äèðåêòîðîì Ñòàòîéëà Àðâå Éîíñåíîì, îí ïîêàçàë åìó êàðòó, íà êîòîðîé Õàììåðôåñò áûë ïîêàçàí â êà÷åñòâå áàçû äëÿ íåôòåãàçîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â Áàðåí- öåâîì ìîðå. Àðâå Éîíñåí ñêàçàë, ÷òî âûãëÿäèò ýòî õîðîøî, íî êàê ìèíèìóì ëåò íà 25 îïåðåæàåò âðåìÿ. Íà ÷òî Àêñåëü îòâåòèë, ÷òî ëó÷øå ñëèøêîì ðàíî, ÷åì ïîçäíî. Âëàñòè Õàììåðôåñòà àêòèâíî âåëè ïîëèòè÷åñêóþ ðàáîòó â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò è çàäîëãî äî ïðèíÿòèÿ ðåøåíèÿ î ñòðîè- òåëüñòâå çàâîäà ïî ñæèæåíèþ ãàçà (ÑÏÃ) íà î. Ìåëêîéà. Ñïåðâà âåëàñü ðàáîòà íàä îòêðûòèåì Áàðåíöåâà ìîðÿ äëÿ íåôòåãàçîâîé àêòèâíîñòè, çàòåì íàä ïîäãîòîâêîé ê ðàçðà- áîòêå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Ñí¸âèò (Áåëîñíåæêà). Îäíà èç ïðè÷èí óñïåõà Õàììåðôåñòà â ïðèâëå÷åíèè íåô- òåãàçîâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ìíîæåñòâà ïîñòàâùèêîâ çà- êëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî ìåñòíûå âëàñòè äîëãîå âðåìÿ ðàáîòàëè íàä ïîâûøåíèåì êâàëèôèêàöèè â òåñíîì ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ñ ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ. Beginning Norwegian oil and gas industry has made a long way since the first findings of petroleum in the 60 ths . The size of the Norwegian shelf was defined after negotiations about boarder line. The first large field discovery Ekofisk was made in 1969. After that many political decisions had to be made. A decision on seismic survey north for 62° N Latitude came in 1969 as an effect of the petroleum rush after Ekofisk discovery. On the 14 th of June 1971 Norwegian Parliament (Storting) submitted The 10 Oil Commandments, which are Chapters in a declaration of principles underpinning Norwegian oil policy to make sure that the oil activities would benefit the entire nation. One of them sounded: an activity plan must be adopted for the area north of the 62 nd parallel which satisfies the unique socio-political factors associated with that part of the country. So the history of the oil and gas in the North began. Though it took many years of hope and disappointments before the first exploration began. Work on attraction of oil and gas industry The decision on seismic survey in the North resulted in expectations of positive changes in regional politics. This was the beginning of Hammerfest as a petroleum town. Hammerfest politicians, authorities and industry played an active role in facilitating of industrial development in the region from 1969 and until now. A small society had a strong belief in oil and gas industry´s importance for growth and development of the region and for its attractiveness. Supplier industry and investors follow oil and gas companies. Therefore, Hammerfest authorities worked actively on creating favorable conditions and infrastructure to attract petroleum industry into the region. Hammerfest is the only petroleum town in Norway which has asupply base, ahelicopter base, onshore delivery of gas, a processing of gas and oilspill protection base at one place. All these factors are important for making the town attractive for establishment of the new industry. And all these elements came as a result of active political work in cooperation with local industry. Historical development of petroleum towns in Norway was recently collected in a book of Norwegian Petroleum Museum. In his article about Hammerfest Bj ø rn Bj ø rgve, anindustrial coordinator at EniNorge,describes the first political work which was done early in 70s in order to place Hammerfest on the petroleum map. Aksel Olsen – mayor of Hammerfest from 1966 to 1971 was a member in the Oil directorate´s first board (1972-1978) and was probably one of the reasons that areas Troms I (where later Sn ø hvitwasdiscovered)and Troms II in the North were the first to be studied and opened. Aksel Olsen was also the first chairman of the Oil and Gas committee in Hammerfest. In 1972 in the meeting with Arve Johnsen – the first director of Statoil he showed him a map. It showed the Barents Sea with Hammerfest in the middle as an industrial base for petroleum activity. Arve Johnsen‘sanswer was that it looks good but its minimum 25 years ahead of its time. Aksel answered that it is best to be too early than too late. Хаммерфест Hammerfest. Photo: Anton Voskoboynikov September 2012 ¹ 3 (21) MurmanshelfInfo 9