МурманшельфИнфо. 2009, N 1 (6).

Õðàíèëèùå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèè Ñëåéïíåð. (Èñòî÷íèê Statoil). CO 2 Storage – the Sleipner Project at the Utsira Formation. natural gas production, which can successfully cover the costs of CO 2 capture. Global experience with CCS technologies Three major industrial-scale CO 2 sequestration projects are currently under way: the Sleipner project at a sea-based saline aquifer in Norway, the Weyburn project in Canada, and the In Salah project in Algeria. Furthermore, several projects are being planned all around the world. The Sleipner project, operated by the Norwegian oil and gas giant StatoilHydro, is now running on over twelve years of experience of commercial application of carbon dioxide storage technologies. StatoilHydro was forced to introduce CCS technologies at the Sleipner field in the North Sea to minimise production costs: The gas it extracts from the field is approximately 9% CO 2 -associated impurities. According to requirements set forth by Norwegian law, levels of such impurities in the gas supplied from onshore terminals to local consumers or sold to the European market can not exceed 2.5%. Consequently, StatoilHydro used one of its platforms at the site to build a special purification system, where a chemical process is used to separate natural gas from concentrated CO 2 . StatoilHydro decided to store the CO 2 instead of emitting it to the atmosphere due to the Norwegian CO 2 tax which put a considerable cost on CO 2 emissions from the offshore petroleum industry. Carbon dioxide underground storage technologies are also used today in Algeria, at the site of the In Salah gas drilling project in the Algerian part of the Sahara desert. Natural gas extracted here by British Petroleum, Statoil, and Sonatrach contains too much CO 2 to make it suitable for immediate commercial use, which is why excess carbon dioxide is removed from the gas recovered from the field using chemical absorbents, then compressed and injected under pressure into an underground saline- bearing formation at a depth of two kilometres. The world today is dependent on fossil fuels. Changing the energy cycle we live by will require decades. CCS technologies can ensure a gradual transition from hydrocarbon energy sources to a diversified energy system that will minimise humankind’s impact on the global environment and will run on a renewable basis in the long term. During this transition, the current system of energy supply will, for the most part, remain what it is today, however, new infrastructure – such as power plants and large industrial enterprises – can be equipped with efficient capture mechanisms and transport pipelines to deliver carbon dioxide to storage sites. The construction of the liquefied natural gas plant that is intended to process gas extracted at the Shtokman field must include the installation of CO 2 capture and storage facilities at the site. Sources Environmental and value creation. CO 1. 2 for EOR on the Norwegian Shelf – A case Study, Bellona report, 2005. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Intergovernmental Panel 2. on Climate Change (IPCC) special report, 2005. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geological Storage: Contributing 3. to Climate Change Solutions, International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), 2003. Íîðâåæñêàÿ íåôòåãàçîâàÿ êîìïàíèÿ StatoilHydro èìååò áîëåå ÷åì 12-ëåòíèé îïûò êîììåð÷åñêîãî èñïîëü- çîâàíèÿ õðàíåíèÿ äâóîêèñè óãëåðîäà íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèè Ñëåéïíåð, ðàñïîëîæåííîì â Ñåâåðíîì ìîðå. Êîìïàíèÿ áûëà âûíóæäåíà ïðèìåíèòü òåõíîëîãèþ óëàâëèâàíèÿ ÑÎ 2 ñ öåëüþ ìèíèìèçàöèè èçäåðæåê, ò. ê. äîáûâàåìûé íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèè ãàç ñîäåðæèò ïðèìåðíî 9 % ïðèìåñåé ÑÎ 2 . Ñîãëàñíî íîðâåæñêèì òðåáîâàíèÿì, êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ýòèõ ïðèìåñåé â ãàçå, êîòîðûé ïðîäàåòñÿ ñ íàçåìíûõ òåðìèíàëîâ ìåñòíûì ïîòðåáèòåëÿì è ïîñòàâëÿåòñÿ íà åâðîïåéñêèé ðûíîê, íå äîëæíà ïðåâûøàòü 2,5 %. Ïîýòî- ìó StatoilHydro ïîñòðîèë íà îòäåëüíîé ïëàòôîðìå ñïå- öèàëüíóþ î÷èñòíóþ ñèñòåìó, ãäå ïðîèñõîäèò õèìè÷åñêîå îòäåëåíèå êîíöåíòðèðîâàííîãî ÑÎ 2 îò ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà. Êîìïàíèÿ StatoilHydro ðåøèëà îñóùåñòâëÿòü õðàíåíèå ÑÎ 2 âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû âûáðàñûâàòü åãî â àòìîñôåðó, òàê êàê ñòàâêè ïî íàëîãàì íà âûáðîñ ÑÎ 2 äëÿ îôôøîðíîé íåôòåãàçîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â Íîðâåãèè î÷åíü âåëèêè. Õðàíåíèå ÑÎ 2 îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ â ïîäâîäíîì ðåçåðâóàðå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì âûøå ãàçîíîñíîãî ñëîÿ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ. Ýòîò ðåçåðâóàð – âîäîíîñíûé ñëîé, çàïîëíåííûé ñîëå- íîé âîäîé, – íàçûâàåòñÿ ôîðìàöèåé Óòñèðà. Ïîäçåìíîå õðàíåíèå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñåãîäíÿ â ãàçîâîì ïðîåêòå Èí-Ñàëàõ â àëæèðñêîé ïóñòû- íå. Ñûðîé ïðèðîäíûé ãàç, äîáûâàåìûé íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå ôèðìàìè British Petroleum, Statoil è Sonatrach, ñîäåðæèò ñëèøêîì ìíîãî CO 2 äëÿ êîììåð÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ, òàê ÷òî èçáûòîê óäàëÿåòñÿ õèìè÷åñêèìè ïîãëîòèòåëÿìè, ñæèìàåòñÿ è çàòåì ââîäèòñÿ ïîä äàâëåíèåì â ôîðìàöèþ ñ ðàññîëîì íà äâóõêèëîìåòðîâóþ ãëóáèíó. Ìèð çàâèñèò îò èñêîïàåìîãî òîïëèâà, à èçìåíåíèå ñóùåñòâóþùåé ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ïîòðåáóåò ãîäû. ÓÕÓ ïîääåðæèò ïîñòåïåííûé ïåðåõîä îò èñòî÷íèêîâ ýíåð- ãèè, îñíîâàííûõ íà èñêîïàåìîì òîïëèâå, â ñòîðîíó ðàç- íîîáðàçíîé ñèñòåìû, êîòîðàÿ ìèíèìèçèðóåò âîçäåéñòâèå íà ãëîáàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå êëèìàòà è ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîçîáíîâ- ëÿåìîé â äîëãîñðî÷íîé ïåðñïåêòèâå.  ýòîò ïåðåõîäíûé ïåðèîä íûíåøíÿÿ ñèñòåìà ñíàáæåíèÿ ýíåðãèåé ïî áîëü- øåé ÷àñòè îñòàíåòñÿ ïðåæíåé, îäíàêî íîâûå èíôðàñòðóê- òóðû, òàêèå êàê ýëåêòðîñòàíöèè è áîëüøèå èíäóñòðèàëü- íûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, áóäóò îáîðóäîâàíû óëàâëèâëèâàþùèì îáîðóäîâàíèåì è òðóáîïðîâîäîì ê ìåñòàì õðàíåíèÿ. Ïðè ñòðîèòåëüñòâå çàâîäà ïî ñæèæåíèþ ãàçà ñî Øòîêìàíîâñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ òàêæå îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíà áûòü ïðèìåíåíà òåõíîëîãèÿ óëàâëèâàíèÿ è õðà- íåíèÿ CO 2 . Список литературы Environmental and value creation. CO 1. 2 for EOR on the Norwegian Shelf – A case Study. Bellona report, 2005. Óëàâëèâàíèå è õðàíåíèå äâóîêèñè óãëåðîäà. Äîêëàä Ìåæïðà- 2. âèòåëüñòâåííîé ãðóïïû ýêñïåðòîâ ïî èçìåíåíèþ êëèìàòà, 2005. Óëàâëèâàíèå è ãåîëîãè÷åñêîå õðàíåíèå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà: 3. âêëàä â ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà. Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé íåôòÿíîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, 2003. 64 ìàðò 2009 ¹ 1 (6) ÌóðìàíøåëüôÈíôî