МурманшельфИнфо. 2009, N 1 (6).

Ecological and biological investigations of the Sthokman area have been commenced long ago with many large and well-known scientific teams in various fields of knowledge being involved in the research: MMBI (Murmansk Marine Biological Institute), PINRO (Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography), AANII (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute), AMIGE (Arctic Marine Engineering Geological Expeditions) and many others. As a result, extensive research material has been accumulated providing retrospective data on the state and variation of principal environmental components. According to the applicable laws environmental support for oil and gas development projects comprises the following interrelated stages: conducting environmental engineering survey; developing environmental protection sections (EP and EIA action plans) for project documentation; developing and implementing environmental monitoring plans; conducting environmental due diligence investigation of the company in question. Environmental engineering survey is necessary to supply the persons who develop the project and manage the subsoil resources with information on the initial (background) state of the environment within the territory which is expected to be impacted by the construction, development and operation of the facility. It is not only the state of natural ecosystems that should be assessed but also the existing level of human-caused transformations resulting from previous economic activity and the existing environmental risks and ecological constraints. In the case of Shtokman Field development we are dealing with a vast territory with diverse natural conditions – the field’s licensed aquatic area, over 500 km of underwater pipeline built across several sections of the Barents Sea, the onshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant construction site and the surrounding littoral and sublittoral zones. All those different types of ecosystems will be impacted during mobilization and construction activities and Shtokman Field operation. Therefore, a comprehensive approach has been adopted with regard to environmental engineering survey for the Shtokman project; a similar approach will be required for the subsequent stages of environmental support, particularly for the environmental monitoring stage. In this connection, three major components of environmental engineering survey have been identified: onshore EES, coastal EES and offshore EES. FRECOM has been appointed general contractor for environmental survey. To conduct the whole range of EES activities, including various types of studies – from radiological to social – FRECOM engaged a number of associate contractors, for the most part regional research and production organizations in the relevant fields of knowledge, which possess extensive experience working within the region and, specifically, within the Shtokman Field development area: PINRO, AMIGE, Murmansk Hydrometeorology Station, as well as organizations from other regions: Taifun, Urangeo, Institute for Material Culture History of Russian Academy of Sciences, etc. Based on the 2008 environmental engineering survey a comprehensive assessment of the initial state of the local environment will be conducted for the Shtokman Field development project feasibility study. In order to ensure environmentally safe implementation of technical solutions, the project documentation will include a section entitled Environmental Protection Action Plan, which will outline steps to minimize negative environmental impact and reimburse the damage. It should be noted that environmental monitoring is one of the most important elements of environmental support to be provided for any type of economic activity. The whole range of data obtained through EES will serve as a reference base for subsequent environmental monitoring of the entire Shtokman Field impact area. It will allow us to compare the states of local natural and social environments at future project development stages to the initial pre- impact state. Ýêîëîãèÿ Environment Ýêîëîãî-áèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàéîíà Øòîê- ìàíà íà÷àòû äàâíî, è â èõ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðèíèìàþò ó÷à- ñòèå êðóïíûå èçâåñòíûå íàó÷íûå êîëëåêòèâû ðàçëè÷íîé îòðàñëåé çíàíèÿ: ÌÌÁÈ, ÏÈÍÐÎ, ÀÀÍÈÈ, ÀÌÈÃÝ è ìíî- ãèå äðóãèå.  ðåçóëüòàòå ýòèõ ðàáîò íàêîïëåí îáøèðíûé ìíîãîëåòíèé ìàòåðèàë, äàþùèé ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûå äàí- íûå î ñîñòîÿíèè è äèíàìèêå îñíîâíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ïðè- ðîäíîé ñðåäû. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå ñîïðîâîæäåíèå ïðîåêòîâ íåôòåãàçî- âîãî îñâîåíèÿ, ñîãëàñíî äåéñòâóþùåìó çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâó, âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ñëåäóþùèå âçàèìîñâÿçàííûå ñòàäèè: ïðîâåäåíèå èíæåíåðíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçûñêàíèé (ÈÝÈ), ðàçðàáîòêà ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ðàçäåëîâ (ïåðå÷åíü ìåðî- ïðèÿòèé ïî ÎÎÑ, ÎÂÎÑ) â ïðîåêòíîé äîêóìåíòàöèè, ðàç- ðàáîòêà è ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðîãðàìì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìîíèòî- ðèíãà, ïðîâåäåíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî àóäèòà ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ. Èíæåíåðíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå èçûñêàíèÿ ïðèçâàíû ïðå- äîñòàâèòü ðàçðàáîò÷èêàì ïðîåêòà è íåäðîïîëüçîâàòåëÿì èíôîðìàöèþ îá èñõîäíîì (ôîíîâîì) ñîñòîÿíèè îêðóæàþ- ùåé ñðåäû òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðóþ ïëàíèðóåòñÿ îêàçàòü âîçäåéñòâèå ïðè ñòðîèòåëüñòâå, îáóñòðîéñòâå è ýêñïëóà- òàöèè îáúåêòà. Ïðè ýòîì âàæíî îöåíèòü íå òîëüêî ñîñòîÿ- íèå åñòåñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, íî è óðîâåíü èõ óæå èìåþùåéñÿ àíòðîïîãåííîé òðàíñôîðìàöèè â ðåçóëü- òàòå ïðåäûäóùåé õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, à òàêæå èìåþùèåñÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ðèñêè è îãðàíè÷åíèÿ.  ñëó÷àå îñâîåíèÿ ØÃÊÌ ìû èìååì äåëî ñ î÷åíü êðóïíûì è ðàçíîðîäíûì ïî ïðèðîäíûì óñëîâèÿì îáú- åêòîì - ìîðñêàÿ àêâàòîðèÿ ëèöåíçèîííîãî ó÷àñòêà ìå- ñòîðîæäåíèÿ, áîëåå 500 êì òðàññû ïîäâîäíîãî òðóáî- ïðîâîäà, ïåðåñåêàþùåãî ðàçëè÷íûå ó÷àñòêè Áàðåíöåâà ìîðÿ, ñóõîïóòíûé ó÷àñòîê ñòðîèòåëüñòâà çàâîäà ñæè- æåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà (ÑÏÃ) è îêðóæàþùàÿ åãî çîíà ëèòîðàëè (ó÷àñòîê áåðåãà, êîòîðûé çàòîïëÿåòñÿ âî âðå- ìÿ ïðèëèâà è îñóøàåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ îòëèâà) è ñóáëèòîðà- ëè (çîíà ðàçâèòèÿ æèçíè íà äíå ìîðÿ, ïðèóðî÷åííàÿ ê øåëüôó). Íà âñå ýòè ðàçíîðîäíûå ïðèðîäíûå ñèñòåìû áóäåò îêàçûâàòüñÿ âîçäåéñòâèå â õîäå ïîäãîòîâèòåëü- íûõ ðàáîò, ñòðîèòåëüñòâà è ýêñïëóàòàöèè Øòîêìàíà. Ýòè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îïðåäåëèëè êîìïëåêñíûé ïîäõîä ê ïðîâåäåíèþ ÈÝÈ â ðàìêàõ Øòîêìàíîâñêîãî ïðîåêòà, è îíè æå òðåáóþò ïîäîáíîãî ïîäõîäà ê ïðîâåäåíèþ ïî- ñëåäóþùèõ ñòàäèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîâîæäåíèÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà.  ýòîé ñâÿçè â ñîñòàâå ÈÝÈ áûëè âûäåëåíû 3 êðóïíûõ áëîêà – ñóõîïóò- íûå (áåðåãîâûå), ïðèáðåæíûå è ìîðñêèå. Ãåíåðàëüíûì ïîäðÿä÷èêîì ïî ïðîâåäåíèþ ýêîëî- ãè÷åñêèõ èçûñêàíèé áûëà îïðåäåëåíà êîìïàíèÿ ÎÎÎ «ÔÐÝÊÎÌ». Äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ êîìïëåêñà ðàáîò ïî ÈÝÈ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ ðàçíîîáðàçíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ îò ðàäèî- ëîãè÷åñêèõ äî ñîöèàëüíûõ, êîìïàíèåé «ÔÐÝÊÎÌ» áûë ñôîðìèðîâàí êîëëåêòèâ ñîèñïîëíèòåëåé.  íåãî âîøëè â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïðîôèëüíûå ðåãèîíàëüíûå íàó÷íûå è íàó÷íî-ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûå îðãàíèçàöèè, èìåþùèå áîëüøîé îïûò ðàáîò â ðåãèîíå è êîíêðåòíî â çîíå îñâî- åíèÿ ØÊÃÌ, – ÏÈÍÐÎ, ÀÌÈÃÝ, Ìóðìàíñêîå óïðàâëå- íèå Ãèäðîìåòåîñëóæáû, à òàêæå îðãàíèçàöèè èç äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ – ÍÏÎ «Òàéôóí», ÔÃÓÏ «Óðàíãåî», Èíñòèòóò èñòîðèè ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû ÐÀÍ è äðóãèå. Íà áàçå èíæåíåðíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçûñêàíèé 2008 ãîäà â ðàìêàõ ãîòîâÿùåãîñÿ ÒÝÎ ïðîåêòà îñâîåíèÿ Øòîêìàíîâñêîãî ÃÊÌ áóäåò ïðîèçâåäåí îáîáùåííûé àíàëèç èñõîäíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû.  ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà áóäåò ðàçðàáîòàí ðàçäåë «Ïå- ðå÷åíü ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû», îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêè áåçîïàñíóþ ðåàëèçà- öèþ òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèé ìåðî- ïðèÿòèÿ ïî ìèíèìèçàöèè íåãàòèâíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó, à òàêæå âîçìåùåíèþ óùåðáà. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îäíîé èç âàæíåéøèõ ñîñòàâ- ëÿþùèõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîâîæäåíèÿ ëþáîé õîçÿé- ñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ìîíèòî- ðèíã. Âåñü êîìïëåêñ ïîëó÷åííûõ â õîäå ÈÝÈ äàííûõ áóäåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ èíôîðìàöèîííîé îñíîâîé ïîñëåäóþùåãî ýêî- ëîãè÷åñêîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà âñåé çîíû âîçäåéñòâèÿ ØÃÊÌ. Ýòî ïîçâîëèò ñðàâíèâàòü èçìåíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðèðîä- íîé è ñîöèàëüíîé ñðåä íà áóäóùèõ ñòàäèÿõ ïðîåêòà ñ èñ- õîäíûìè, òî åñòü äî íà÷àëà âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà íèõ. ìàðò 2009 ¹ 1 (6) ÌóðìàíøåëüôÈíôî 53