МурманшельфИнфо. 2009, N 1 (6).

êðàá. Ìîðå âñåõ êîðìèò! È ìû âñå äîëæíû ñòîÿòü íà òîì, ÷òî íàøà ðûáà èìååò ìàðêó «Èç ÷èñòûõ õîëîäíûõ âîä». Ðûáà äîëæíà îñòàâàòüñÿ òàêîé ÷èñòîé, ÷òîáû íè- êàêîå íåôòÿíîå ïÿòíûøêî, íèêàêîé ãàçîâûé ïóçûðü ê ýòîé ðûáêå íå ïðèñòàëè! -  ÷åì êîíêðåòíî ïðîÿâèòñÿ óùåðá äëÿ ðûáàêîâ? Êà- êèå ôèíàíñîâûå çàòðàòû ïîòðåáóþòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíî? - Ïåðâîå, îò÷óæäàþòñÿ ðàéîíû ïðîìûñëà. Ýòîò óùåðá ðåàëüíî ïðîñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ. Ïî ìîåé ñóãóáî ýêñ- ïåðòíîé îöåíêå, ìû ïîòåðÿåì 5 - 6 ïðîöåíòîâ ïëîùàäè òðàëåíèÿ. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî óìåíüøèòñÿ âûëîâ. Ðàéîí Øòîêìàíîâñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ – ýòî òàê íàçûâàåìûé Öåíòðàëüíûé æåëîá. Çäåñü áîëüøèõ íå- ðåñòèëèù ðûá íåò, íî ïåðèîäè÷åñêè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íå- ðåñòîâàÿ çóáàòêà. Êîãäà íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ áîëüøàÿ ÷èñ- ëåííîñòü ìîéâû è ñàéêè, òîãäà ýòè âèäû ðûá çàõîäÿò â Öåíòðàëüíûé æåëîá. Òî åñòü, ýòî íåïîñðåäñòâåííûé ðàéîí ïðîìûñëà. Ðûáàê ïðåñëåäóåò ðûáó, ïåðåêðûâàåò åå ìèãðàöè- îííûå ïóòè. Ìèãðàöèè ïðîìûñëîâûõ ðûá ïðîõîäÿò ÷óòü þæíåå Øòîêìàíà, íî îíè âñå ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç ðàéîíû ïðîêëàäêè ãàçîïðîâîäà. Ïðè ïîòåïëåíèè ðàéîí ìèãðà- öèè ìîæåò ñäâèãàòüñÿ ñåâåðíåå è çàïàäíåå - â Öåí- òðàëüíûé æåëîá. Âûõîäÿ èç ðàéîíà äîáû÷è ãàçà, òðóáà ïðîéäåò ÷å- ðåç Ñåâåðî-öåíòðàëüíûé ðûáîïðîìûñëîâûé ðàéîí. Çà- òåì ïåðåñå÷åò ñåâåðíûé ñêëîí Ìóðìàíñêîãî ìåëêîâî- äüÿ - åùå îäèí çíà÷èìûé äëÿ ðûáàêîâ ïðîìðàéîí. È íàêîíåö, ïðîéäåò ÷åðåç ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ñêëîí Ìóð- ìàíñêîé áàíêè è Çàïàäíî-ïðèáðåæíûé ïðîìðàéîí.  Áàðåíöåâîì ìîðå ðûáàêè ðàáîòàþò â îñíîâíîì òðàëàìè. Íàñêîëüêî ÿ ïîíèìàþ òåõíîëîãèþ ïðîêëàäêè ãàçîïðîâîäà, ïðè òîé îñòîðîæíîñòè, êîòîðàÿ íàâåðíÿ- êà áóäåò ïðèìåíåíà, íàì ñêàæóò, ãäå òðàëèòü íåëüçÿ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïðèäåòñÿ ïðèìåíÿòü ìåíåå ïðîèçâîäè- òåëüíûå ïàññèâíûå îðóäèÿ ëîâà – ÿðóñà, ñòàâíûå ñåòè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íåôòÿíèêè è ãàçîâèêè, êîòîðûå îêàæóò òàêîå îòðèöàòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà ðûáíóþ ïðîìûø- ëåííîñòü, äîëæíû ïîìî÷ü íàì ïåðåîñíàñòèòü ðûáîëîâ- íûå ñóäà, çàêóïèòü íîâûå îðóäèÿ ëîâà. Òàêæå íåìàëîâàæíûé ôàêòîð, êîòîðûé ìû äîëæíû ó÷èòûâàòü, - âîçìîæíîñòü àâàðèéíîé ñèòóàöèè. Ýòîò ðèñê òîæå íóæíî ïðîñ÷èòàòü â ïëàíå ïðåäîñòàâëåíèÿ ðûáàêàì êîìïåíñàöèè ðåàëüíîãî óùåðáà. Åñòü ìíîãî ìåòîäîâ ëèêâèäàöèè çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ïî÷â è àêâàòîðèé íåôòåïðîäóêòàìè: òåðìè÷åñêèé ìåòîä (à ïðîùå ñêàçàòü – âûæèãàíèå), õèìè÷åñêèé, ôèçèêî- õèìè÷åñêèé, áèîëîãè÷åñêèé. Íî êàêîâû äîëãîâðåìåí- íûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ýòèõ ìåòîäîâ íà áèîòó? Ýòîãî íèêòî íå çíàåò. Ó÷åíûå òîëüêî ïîäñòóïàþò ê èç- ó÷åíèþ ïîòåíöèàëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðèñêà, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü îáíàðóæåí ÷åðåç ãîäû. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, è ãîñóäàðñòâó, è íåôòåãàçîâîìó êîìïëåêñó íåîáõîäèìî â ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîì ïîðÿäêå ïðîôèíàíñèðîâàòü ýòè èñ- ñëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ðàáîòû. Ñëåäóþùèé ôàêòîð ðèñêà, êîòîðûé òàêæå äîëæåí áûòü ïðîñ÷èòàí è êîìïåíñèðîâàí. Âî âðåìÿ äîáû÷è ãàçà èëè íåôòè âñåãäà åñòü ñîïóòñòâóþùèå âûáðîñû. Êàê îíè áóäóò óòèëèçèðîâàòüñÿ? Ïîêà îòâåòà íåò. Íàêîíåö, âñåãäà åñòü ðèñêè ïðè òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå óãëåâîäîðîäíîãî ñûðüÿ ïî ìîðþ. Ìàðøðóòû òàíêåðîâ è ãàçîâîçîâ äîëæíû áûòü ïðîëîæåíû â ñòîðîíå îò ðû- áîïðîìûñëîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è ïóòåé ìèãðàöèè ðûá. Ýòî òðåáîâàíèå íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû èçáåæàòü êàêèõ- ëèáî ñëó÷àéíîñòåé, ñòîëêíîâåíèé, êîòîðûå áûâàþò, êîãäà ðÿäîì ðàáîòàþò ñóäà âîäîèçìåùåíèåì 80 - 100 òûñÿ÷ òîíí è ìàëåíüêèå ðûáîëîâíûå òðàóëåðû. È êî- íå÷íî, â ðàéîíàõ ðûáíîãî ïðîìûñëà ñ òðàíñïîðòíûõ ñóäîâ íå äîëæíî áûòü íèêàêèõ ñáðîñîâ ëüÿëüíûõ âîä! Áåçóñëîâíî, äîëæåí áûòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ìîíèòîðèíã âñåãî ðàéîíà äîáû÷è è òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè íåôòè è ãàçà. Ó ó÷åíûõ ÏÈÍÐÎ è ÌÌÁÈ ÊÍÖ ÐÀÍ åñòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â êàêèõ òî÷êàõ íóæíî âåñòè ìîíèòîðèíã, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü áîëüøå èíôîðìàöèè, çàòðà÷èâàÿ ìåíüøå ñðåäñòâ. Íî ýòî òîæå çàòðàòíûé ìåõàíèçì. È â ìîíèòîðèíã äîëæåí âëîæèòü ñâîþ ëåïòó íåôòåãàçîâûé áèçíåñ. 18 0 00' 24 0 00' 30 0 00' 36 0 00' 42 0 00' 48 0 00' 54 0 00' 60 0 00' 66 0 00' 72 0 00' 76 0 00' 72 0 00' 68 0 00' 76 0 00' 72 0 00' 68 0 00' 36 0 00' 42 0 00' 52 0 00' 54 0 00' 60 0 00' Ðàéîíû Ñåâåðíîãî ðûáîïðîìûñëîâîãî áàññåéíà. 1 – Öåíòðàëüíûé æåëîá, 2 – ñåâåðíûé ñêëîí Ìóðìàíñêîãî ìåëêîâîäüÿ, 3 – Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ñêëîí Ìóðìàíñêîé áàí- êè, 4 – Çàïàäíî-ïðèáðåæíûé ðàéîí. Northern fishery areas. 1 – the Central gutter, 2 – the Northern slope of Murmansk shoal, 3 – the North-eastern slope of Murmansk sandbank, 4 - Western coastal area - Could you speak about the concrete damage for fishermen? What other expenses will it involve? - First of all fishery areas are alienated. This kind of damage can easily be calculated. As an expert, I estimate that we will lose 5-6% of trawling areas. Accordingly catches will decrease too. The area of the Shtokman field is called the Central gutter. There aren’t any large spawning grounds there, but spawning catfish recurrently appear there. When the population of capelin and polar cod rise, these kinds of fish go to the Central gutter. So it’s one of the fishery areas. Fishermen follow fish, block its migration routes which lie to the south of the Shtokman field, but they all go through the areas where pipelines are to be constructed. In case of warming migration might shift to the north and west – to the Central gutter that is the immediate fishery area. Coming out of the gas field the pipe will go through the Northern-central fishery area. Then it will cross the northern slope of Murmansk shallow waters region – another very important area for fishermen. And, finally, it will go through the north-eastern slope of Murmansk shoal and western coastal fishery area. In the Barents Sea fishermen mostly use trawls. As precautions must be taken in constructing pipelines, I expect we’ll be informed of the areas where trawling is impossible. Evidently we’ll have to use less productive fishing gear like tier and fixed fishing gear. In this case oil and gas industry which is sure to cause negative effects in fishery must help us to re-equip the vessels. Another important factor, which should be taken into account, is emergencies. This risk must also be considered from the point of view of compensations to fishermen. There are a lot of different methods of liquidation soil and water pollution caused by oil: thermal treatment (or simply speaking – burning out), chemical, physical and chemical, biological. But what are the long-term consequences of them for biota? Nobody knows it. Scientists have just taken up the research of potential ecological risk, which can be discovered years later. It means that the state and oil and gas complex have to subsidize this research. The next factor is risk, which must also be considered and compensated. The process of oil and gas production is accompanied by waste release. How will it be treated? So far we don’t have any answer. ìàðò 2009 ¹ 1 (6) ÌóðìàíøåëüôÈíôî 25