МурманшельфИнфо. 2009, N 1 (6).

âàåò. Íàì íóæíî â î÷åíü êîðîòêèé ïåðèîä - îò íà÷àëà îáóñòðîéñòâà äî íà÷àëà ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé - ïðèíÿòü öåëûé ðÿä íîðìàòèâíûõ àêòîâ, êîòîðûå áû çàùèùàëè è ìîðñêóþ ñðåäó, è ðûáàêîâ. Ñâÿòîå ïðàâèëî – âñå ïðåäóñìîòðåòü, ÷òîáû íå âîçíèêàëè àâàðèéíûå ñèòóàöèè. Âåäü ðàçðàáîòêà êðóï- íîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ â àðêòè÷åñêèõ âîäàõ áóäåò âå- ñòèñü âïåðâûå. È âïåðâûå íà äíî Áàðåíöåâà ìîðÿ íàäî óëîæèòü ãàçîïðîâîä. À ìîðå çäåñü øòîðìîâîå, ïðè÷åì øòîðìà âîçíèêàþò âíåçàïíî! È ÷òî áû íè ãîâîðèëîñü î ãëîáàëüíîì ïîòåïëåíèè, ìîðå â ïåðèîä ïîõîëîäàíèÿ ìîæåò ïðåïîäíåñòè ñþðïðèç – âûíåñòè ëåäîâûé ïîêðîâ íà Øòîêìàí. ß èìåþ â âèäó, ÷òî Ðîññèè íåîáõîäèìû íî- âûå òåõíè÷åñêèå ðåãëàìåíòû äëÿ íåôòåãàçîðàçðàáîòîê íà øåëüôå â óñëîâèÿõ Àðêòèêè, à îíè óñòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüíî. È êîíå÷íî íåîáõîäèìîå óñëîâèå - ïðè îáóñòðîéñòâå è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ äîëæíû áûòü ïðèìåíå- íû ñáåðåãàþùèå òåõíîëîãèè. Òàì, ãäå åñòü íåðåñòèëè- ùà, ãäå îñîáåííî óÿçâèìà áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñðåäà, íè â êîåì ñëó÷àå áóðîâûå ñòîÿòü íå äîëæíû. Ñåé÷àñ ìîæíî îáíàðóæèâàòü è äîáûâàòü çàëåæè óãëåâîäîðîäîâ ñ ïî- ìîùü íàêëîííîãî áóðåíèÿ, òî åñòü äàëåêî óõîäèòü îò ðàéîíîâ íåðåñòèëèù. Ùàäÿùèå ðåæèìû è áóðåíèÿ, è ïðîêëàäêè òðóá äîëæíû áûòü è â ìåñòàõ ìàññîâûõ ìè- ãðàöèé ðûá. Äàëåå, åñëè îò÷óæäàþòñÿ êàêèå-òî ïðîìûñëîâûå ó÷àñòêè, òî ïóñòü íåôòåãàçîâàÿ îòðàñëü âëîæèò àäåê- âàòíûå êîìïåíñàöèîííûå ñðåäñòâà â ðàçâèòèå ìàðè- êóëüòóðû â ïðèáðåæíîé çîíå. Âîäíûå áèîðåñóðñû, â îòëè÷èå îò íåôòè è ãàçà, â ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäå âîçîá- íîâëÿþòñÿ.  ðàéîíàõ èíòåíñèâíîé íåôòåãàçîäîáû÷è íàøè ñîñåäè-íîðâåæöû ðûáó âûðàùèâàþò çà ñ÷åò äî- òàöèé ãîñóäàðñòâà è íåôòåãàçîâîé îòðàñëè. Ìû òîæå âïðàâå íà ýòî ðàññ÷èòûâàòü. - Êòî äîëæåí ðàçðàáàòûâàòü íîâûå çàêîíû è äðóãèå íîðìàòèâíûå äîêóìåíòû - ðûáàêè èëè íåôòÿíèêè? - Íàâåðíîå è òå, è äðóãèå. Êàê íàì íå æèòü áåç íåôòè è ãàçà, òàê èì íå æèòü áåç ðûáû. Íåôòåãàçîâûå êîìïàíèè çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â ñîõðàíåíèè áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ñðåäû, íî ýòî íå çíà÷èò, ÷òî îíè äîëæíû îñòàâàòüñÿ áåñêîíòðîëüíûìè. Íàì íóæíî ÷åòêî ïîíèìàòü ñòåïåíü ðèñêà, èëè, ãî- âîðÿ ìîðñêèì ÿçûêîì, ñ÷èòàòü ñåáÿ áëèæå ê îïàñíîñòè, ÷òîáû ýòîé îïàñíîñòè íå áûëî. Çäåñü áîëüøå èíèöèà- òèâû äîëæåí ïðîÿâèòü èíæåíåðíûé ïåðñîíàë êîìïà- íèé, êîòîðûå èäóò íà ðàçðàáîòêó, òàê êàê ñïåöèàëèñòû çíàþò âñå ñëàáûå çâåíüÿ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ. Õîòÿ îíè è óáåæäàþò íàñ, ÷òî íàäåæíîñòü ñòîïðîöåíò- íàÿ, ôàêòû ìèðîâîé ïðàêòèêè ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îá îá- ðàòíîì. Çàêîíîäàòåëüíàÿ èíèöèàòèâà äîëæíà èñõîäèòü íå- ïîñðåäñòâåííî îò ïðåäñòàâèòåëüíûõ îðãàíîâ ãîñóäàð- ñòâåííîé âëàñòè, â ÷àñòíîñòè îò äåïóòàòîâ Ìóðìàíñêîé îáëàñòíîé äóìû è òåõ äåïóòàòîâ Ãîñäóìû, êîòîðûå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò Ìóðìàíñêóþ è Àðõàíãåëüñêóþ îáëàñòè. Óâåðåí, ÷òî èõ ïîääåðæàò äåïóòàòû çàêîíîäàòåëüíûõ ñîáðàíèé äðóãèõ ïðèìîðñêèõ ðåãèîíîâ. Òåì áîëåå ÷òî ñåé÷àñ ñàìàÿ ìîùíàÿ ôðàêöèÿ â Ãîñäóìå «Åäèíàÿ Ðîñ- ñèÿ» ñòîèò íà ïîçèöèÿõ ðàöèîíàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ. È çäåñü èì êàðòû â ðóêè. Ãëàâíîå, ÷åãî íàäî äîáèâàòüñÿ, - ðàçóìíîãî êîìïðîìèññà ìåæäó äâóìÿ îòðàñëÿìè. - Êàê Øòîêìàíîâñêèé ïðîåêò çàòðàãèâàåò èíòåðåñû æèòåëåé ðåãèîíà, ðûáàêîâ? - Ýòîò ïðîåêò íàíåñ¸ò ðåàëüíûé óùåðá ðûáàêàì. Íî îíè ïîíèìàþò: áåç ýíåðãîðåñóðñîâ íàì íå îáîé- òèñü. Êîãäà Ìóðìàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü ïîëó÷èò ãàç, ó íàñ ñëîæèòñÿ ñîâåðøåííî äðóãàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñèòóà- öèÿ. Îáùèé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò ïîòðåáóåò è áîëüøèõ ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííûõ ðåñóðñîâ. À ñàìûå áëèçêèå ó íàñ ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííûå ðåñóðñû - ðûáíûå. Áàðåíöåâî ìîðå ìîæåò äàâàòü 2,5 – 3 ìëí òîíí ðûáíîé ïðîäóê- öèè. Çäåñü äîáûâàþòñÿ òðåñêà, ïèêøà, ñåëüäü, ìîéâà, îêóíü, ïàëòóñ, çóáàòêà, êàìáàëà, êðåâåòêà, êàì÷àòñêèé Èíòåðâüþ Interview because the foreign company, which got the right to develop the deposits, was out of control. But lately the oil industry workers of Sakhalin have been brought to their senses, now we have the necessary legislation. - It is also known that Russian laws are not efficient enough to protect fisherman from oil and gas industry workers’ “trespass” on their traditional “domain”. - Yes, compared to advanced in this respect Norway our legislation is at a disadvantage. In a very short period of time - from the beginning of the construction till the beginning of exploitation - we need to adopt a set of regulatory acts to protect both marine environment and fishermen. The major rule is to avoid emergency situations. It is the first time that the development of such a big deposit will take place in the Arctic seas. For the first time pipelines will be constructed on the bottom of the Barents Sea. And the sea is very stormy, storms break out all of a sudden! And whatever may be said about the global warming, in the cold period of the year the sea can give us a surprise and carry ice to the Shtokman. What I mean is that Russia needs new technological regulations for offshore oil and gas production, and they must be adopted by law. And certainly one of the main conditions for developing and exploiting of the deposit is saving technologies. Drilling rigs must not be found in the areas with spawning grounds where biological environment is especially vulnerable. At present directed drilling gives an opportunity to explore and develop hydrocarbon deposits far from spawning grounds. Non-intensive modes of drilling and pipelines construction must also be used in the areas of fish mass migrations. Incase some traditional fishingareas arealienatedby the oil and gas industry, the latter must contribute an adequate compensation to the development of aquaculture in the coastal zone. Unlike oil and gas water biological resources are renewable. But our neighbors, the Norwegians, breed fish due to the state subsidies and subsidies of oil and gas industry. We can also count on it. - Who should propose new laws and other regulation acts – fishermen or oil industry workers? - I think, both. Just as we can’t live without oil and gas, we also can’t do without fish. Oil and gas companies are concerned with protection of the environment, but nevertheless, it doesn’t mean that they needn’t be kept under control. We must have a clear idea of the degree of risk, or, using the maritime language, we must “consider ourselves to be closer to danger” to avoid this danger. Engineering personnel of the companies, which take part in the development of resources, should take the initiative since experts are more aware of all the weak links of technological processes. Although they convince us that they can give a hundred per cent guarantee world practice shows that it’s hardly possible. Legislation initiative should come from representative bodies of state power, in particular from the deputies of the Murmansk Regional Duma and those deputies of the State Duma, who represent the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. I’m sure that the deputies from legislation bodies of other seaside regions will support them. Especially as the most powerful faction in State Duma of United Russia party stands for reasonable exploitation of natural resources. The main thing is to achieve a sensible compromise between the two industries. - How does the Shtokman project affect the population of the region, of fishermen in particular? - This project is sure to cause real damage for fishermen. But they understand that we can’t do without energy resources. When the Murmansk region gets gas, it will have a different economic structure. The general economic growth will require larger food resources. And the most available food resource for us is fish. The Barents Sea can give 2-3 mln tons of fish. The cod, haddock, herring, capelin, redfish, halibut, catfish, plaice, shrimp, Kamchatka crab are caught here. The sea feeds everybody! And we must stick to the brand that our fish is “From clean and cold waters”. Fish must remain clean, not a spot of oil or a bubble of gas should be found on it. 24 ìàðò 2009 ¹ 1 (6) ÌóðìàíøåëüôÈíôî