МурманшельфИнфо. 2009, N 1 (6).

Ïîëèòèêà Policy Àíàëèç êà÷åñòâà ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ âîä íà àðêòè÷åñêîé òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ïîêàçàë, ÷òî îíè çàãðÿçíåíû íåôòåïðîäóêòàìè, ôåíîëàìè, ñîåäèíåíèÿ- ìè òÿæåëûõ ìåòàëëîâ, àçîòà, à òàêæå äðóãèìè çàãðÿç- íÿþùèìè âåùåñòâàìè, êîòîðûå ïîñòóïàþò ñî ñòî÷íûìè âîäàìè ïðåäïðèÿòèé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, êîììóíàëüíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, à òàêæå ñ ïîâåðõíîñòíûì ñòîêîì ñ âîäîñáî- ðîâ è äîðîæíîé ñåòè. Íà Ñåâåðíîì ôëîòå â òå÷åíèå òîëüêî îäíîãî ãîäà ñáðàñûâàåòñÿ ïîðÿäêà 10 ìëí. êóá. ìåòðîâ íåî÷èùåííûõ âîä, â òîì ÷èñëå ñ ñóäîâ â àêâàòî- ðèþ äî 200 òûñ. êóá. ìåòðîâ. Ìíîãî ñïðàâåäëèâûõ âîïðîñîâ è æàëîá âîçíèêàåò â ñâÿçè ñ äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ êîñìîäðîìà Ïëåñåöê. Ê ñîæà- ëåíèþ, äî ñèõ ïîð Ìèíèñòåðñòâî îáîðîíû Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè íå ïðèíÿëî èñ÷åðïûâàþùèõ ìåð ïî ëèêâè- äàöèè ïîñëåäñòâèé âëèÿíèÿ çàïóñêîâ ðàêåò, èñïîëüçó- þùèõ â êà÷åñòâå òîïëèâà ãåïòèë, íà çäîðîâüå ñåâåðÿí, ïðîæèâàþùèõ â ðàéîíàõ ïàäåíèÿ èõ ñòóïåíåé. Âûñîê óðîâåíü çàãðÿçíåíèé ðàéîíîâ, ãäå ðàñïîëî- æåíû ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ àêöèîíåðíîãî îáùåñòâ «Íîðèëüñêèé íèêåëü», à òàêæå òåððèòîðèè ðóäíèêîâ ïî äîáû÷å çîëî- òà, óðàíà, öâåòíûõ ìåòàëëîâ.  äåñÿòêó ñàìûõ çàãðÿç- íåííûõ ãîðîäîâ ìèðà ïîïàë ãîðîä Íîðèëüñê. Ñåðüåçíîìó çàãðÿçíåíèþ ïîäâåðãëèñü çåìëè, îñî- áåííî â ðàéîíàõ íåôòè è ãàçîäîáû÷è. Áîëüøîå êîëè÷å- ñòâî âðåäíûõ âåùåñòâ âûáðàñûâàåòñÿ â àòìîñôåðó â ðåçóëüòàòå ñæèãàíèÿ ïîïóòíîãî íåôòÿíîãî ãàçà. Ôàêòè÷åñêè ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè Àðêòèêè ìîæíî âñòðåòèòü áðîøåíûå ñòðîèòåëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè, èñ- ïîëüçîâàííóþ òåõíèêó, òàðó, â òîì ÷èñëå ìèëëèîíû æåëåçíûõ áî÷åê, ìíîãèå èç êîòîðûõ ñîäåðæàò îñòàòêè òîïëèâà è äðóãèõ îïàñíûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ. Êòî áû- âàë âáëèçè ìîðñêèõ èëè ðå÷íûõ ïîðòîâ, âèäåë, êàêîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîëóçàòîíóâøèõ ñóäîâ áðîøåíî è ðæàâååò îêîëî áåðåãà. Äåñÿòêè ëåò â Àðêòèêó çàâîçèëîñü âñå, ÷òî íóæíî äëÿ åå îñâîåíèÿ, äëÿ æèçíè è äåÿòåëüíîñòè ëþäåé, íî ôàê- òè÷åñêè íè÷åãî èç îòõîäîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå èñïîëüçóåìûõ äëÿ âòîðè÷íîé ïåðåðàáîòêè, ñ àðêòè÷åñêîé òåððèòîðèè íå âûâåçåíî. È ÷òî ñàìîå ãëàâíîå, ó çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòè ýòèõ îòõîäîâ õîçÿåâ ñåãîäíÿ íåò. Ïîýòîìó, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, êðîìå ãîñóäàðñòâà, ðåøàòü ýòó ïðîáëåìó íåêîìó. Ïî èíôîðìàöèè Ãåíåðàëüíîé ïðîêóðàòóðû Ðîññèé- ñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè åæåãîäíî ðàñòåò óðîâåíü ïðàâîíàðó- øåíèé è ïðåñòóïëåíèé â ñôåðå ýêîëîãèè, íàíîñèòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííûé óùåðá ïðèðîäå Àðêòèêè. Íåäîñòàòî÷íà çàêîíîäàòåëüíàÿ áàçà êàê äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ òåõíîãåííûõ çàãðÿçíåíèé, òàê è äëÿ ïðèíÿòèÿ ìåð ïî èõ ëèêâèäàöèè. Äåéñòâóþùèå çà- êîíîäàòåëüíûå àêòû â îáëàñòè ýêîëîãèè î÷åíü ñëàáî ó÷èòûâàþò òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ñïåöèôèêó.  óñëîâèÿõ îñîáîé óÿçâèìîñòè àðêòè÷åñêîé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû è ïîâûøåííûõ çàòðàò íà ëèêâèäàöèþ ïîñëåäñòâèé òåõ- íîãåííûõ çàãðÿçíåíèé è ÷ðåçâû÷àéíûõ ñèòóàöèé, ñ÷è- òàåì, ÷òî ïëàòà çà íåãàòèâíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà îêðó- æàþùóþ ñðåäó, øòðàôíûå, àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå è èíûå ñàíêöèè çà ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå íàðóøåíèÿ â Àðêòè÷åñêîé çîíå äîëæíû áûòü êðàòíî âûøå, ÷åì íà îñòàëüíîé òåð- ðèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Òàêæå ñ÷èòàåì, ÷òî òðåáóåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî óñèëèòü êîíòðîëü çà ðàçìåùåíèåì è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèåì â Àðê- òèêå ïðîèçâîäñòâ, ñîçäàþùèõ ïîâûøåííûå íàãðóçêè íà îêðóæàþùóþ ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó. Íåîáõîäèìî âíîâü âåðíóòüñÿ ê ïðîâåäåíèþ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ýêîëîãè÷å- ñêîé ýêñïåðòèçû ïðîåêòîâ õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ëþáîé ñìåòíîé ñòîèìîñòè, ðåàëèçàöèÿ êîòîðûõ ìîæåò îêàçàòü îòðèöàòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà îêðóæàþùóþ ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó. Äóìàåòñÿ, ÷òî ïðåäëàãàåìûå ìåðû â ïîëíîé ìåðå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïîëîæåíèÿì Îñíîâ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ïî- ëèòèêè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè â Àðêòèêå íà ïåðèîä äî 2020 ãîäà è äàëüíåéøóþ ïåðñïåêòèâó. close to the shore. Over the decades people delivered to the Arctic everything needed for its development, living and working of people, at the same time none of the waste produced including recyclable one was removed from the arctic regions. The main problem is that there are no owners of this waste. Unfortunately this means that there is only the state able to solve this problem. According to the information of theGeneral Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation the number of cases of breaking the environmental law is growing, substantial damage is caused to the nature of the Arctic. The existing regulatory basis is insufficient both for prevention of anthropogenic pollution as well as for taking measures for its elimination. Current environmental acts do not take into account regional specificity. Under conditions of extreme vulnerability of the arctic nature and increased costs for rectification of consequences of anthropogenic pollution we believe that the fee for negative impact on the environment, penalties, administrative and other sanctions for environmental violations in the Arctic should be multiply higher than in other Russian regions. We also believe that the control over location and functioning of industries imposing increased environmental load in the Arctic is to be strengthened. It is necessary to return to the practice of public environmental impact assessment of economic projects of any budgets, if their realization can have negative impacts on the environment. We think that the measures proposed fully correspond with the Fundamentals of the public policy in the Arctic for the period up to 2020 and in future. 10 ìàðò 2009 ¹ 1 (6) ÌóðìàíøåëüôÈíôî http://www.photosight. com/