Valkova S.A. Selected aspects of the current state of freshwater resources in the Murmansk Region, Russia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 2017, V. 52, No 9, p. 921-929.

Downloaded by [Professor Vladimir Dauvalter] at 05:55 30 August 2017 928 N. A. KASHULIN ET AL. Table 5. Heavy metal contamination criteria for sediments of freshwater bodies adopted in Canada (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and Norway (Norwegian Pollution Control Authority). ISQG (Interim freshwater sediment quality guidelines) and PEL (probable effect level). Canadian criteria Norwegian criteria Element ISQG PEL Background Moderate Marked Strong Very strong Cu 36 197 <30 30-150 150-600 600-1800 >1800 Ni <50 50-250 250-1000 1000-3000 >3000 Zn 123 315 <150 150-750 750-3000 3000-9000 >9000 Cd 0.60 3.50 <0.5 0.5-2.5 2.5-10 10-20 >20 Pb 35.0 91.3 <50 50-250 250-1000 1000-3000 >3000 As 5.9 17.0 <5 5-25 25-100 100-200 >200 Hg 0.170 0.486 <0.15 0.15-0.6 0.6-1.5 1.5-3 >3 division of water bodies into 5 classes depending on excess over reference concentrations: water bodies with reference heavy metal concentrations, moderate pollution, marked pollution, strong pollution and very strong pollution. We suggest dividing water bodies of the Murmansk region into 4 pollution classes: reference, moderate, considerable and strong. For establishing water pollution criteria for freshwater bod­ ies of the Murmansk region, we also suggest the determination of heavy metal concentrations in reference sediment layers (at the depth of 20 cm of a sediment core) and their comparison with heavy metal concentrations in the upper 1-cm layer, show­ ing the current state of the environment of the water body. Pre­ industrial reference concentrations were determined according to the method suggested by Hakanson [24] who calculated refer­ ence values of substances for lakes of Sweden based on data from approximately 50 lakes of varying size, geographical posi­ tion, trophic level and other limnological characteristics. The standard preindustrial reference concentration (Cni) for each substance was defined as the mean value of the substance refer­ ence concentrations in 80 lakes of the Murmansk region plus one (1) standard deviation (Table 4). This statistical definition relies on the fact that different sediment types in different lakes may have different concentrations of the substance in question. If the data show a low degree of scatter, then (X+sn) will be close to X; if, on the other hand, there is a large spread, this is accounted for in a statistically definable and relevant way. To describe the degree of contamination of freshwater bodies of the Murmansk region, the following classification can be sug­ gested: if Cf < 1 - the water body has reference concentrations of an element in sediments (the value indicating low sediment contamination of the element in question); 1 < Cfi < 5 - mod­ erate pollution; 5 < Cf < 10 - considerable pollution; Cfi > 10 - strong pollution (Table 4). The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment determined reference concentrations of heavy metals in sediments ISQG (Interim Freshwater Sediment Quality Guidelines) [21] and the concentrations that excess may cause negative effects on hydrobionts PEL (Probable Effect Levels) [21] (Table 5). Conclusion The beginning of the 21st century was marked by the rapid decrease of the resource potential of surface waters in the Murmansk region under conditions of global climate and envi­ ronmental changes and their irrational management. There has been increased toxicity of the water environment, drastic changes in the structure-function characteristics of hydrobiont communities, changes in the trophic status of lakes, decreased stability of freshwater ecosystems, and increased risk of cata­ strophic degradation. A review of surface water quality criteria is required, along with consideration of their current state and of regional characteristics. A comparison of suggested norms with those adopted in Canada and Norway shows that they are comparable and can be suggested as water pollution criteria for freshwater bodies of the Murmansk region. The suggested crite­ ria are preliminary and require thorough study to enlarge the list of controlled indices and to justify their quantitative indicators. References [1] Report on the state o f the environment and environmental protection in the Murmansk Region in 2010. OOO “Advertising agency XXI century”: Murmansk, 2011. [2] ECO-bulletin INECA No.4 (135). July - August 2009. Available at http://www.ineca.ru/?dr= bulletin/arhiv/0135&pg= 006 (accessed Dec 2016). [3] Dauvalter, V.A.; Rognerud, S. Heavy metals pollution in sediment of the Pasvik River drainage. Chemosphere 2001, 42, 9-18. [4] Dauvalter, V.A. Heavy metals in lake sediments of the Kola penin­ sula, Russia. Sci. Tot. Environ. 1994, 158, 51-61. [5] Dauvalter, V.A. Impact of mining and refining on the distribution and accumulation of nickel and other heavy metals in sediments of subarctic lake Kuetsjarvi, Murmansk Region, Russia. J. Environ. Monitor., 2003, 5, 210-215. [6] Intercomparison 0115. International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring o f Acidification of Rivers and Lakes. Norwegian Institute for Water Research: Oslo, 2007. [7] Abakumov, V.A. (Ed.). Methods o f the hydrobiological analysis of sur­ face water and sediment guide. «Hydrometeoizdat»: Leningrad, 1983. [8] Hydrobiological monitoring o f freshwater ecosystems guide. «Hydrometeoizdat»: St. Petersburg, 1992. [9] Reshetnikov, Yu.S.; Popova, O.A.; Kashulin, N.A.; Lukin, A.A.; Amundsen, P.-A.; Staldvik, F.J. Estimating the favorable state of a fish community using morphopathologic analysis of fishes. Uspehi sovremennoi biologii 1999, 119(2), 165-177. [10] Arshanitsa, N.M.; Lesnikov, L.A. Pathology-morphological analyses of fish condition if field and experimental toxicological researches. In Methods of ichthyologic researches, Lukjanenko, V.I. (Eds.) Gos- NIORH: Leningrad, 1987; 7-9. [11] Kashulin, N.A.; Lukin, A.A.; Amundsen, P.-A. Fish of subarcticfresh­ water systems as bio-indicators of industrial pollution. KSC RAS: Apatity, 1999. [12] The World Lake perspective: a call to action. 2003. Available at http:// www.ilec.or.jp/eg/wlv/complete/wlv_c_russian.pdf (accessed Dec 2016). [13] Stebel, K.; Christensen, G.N.; Derome, J.; Grekela, I. (Eds). State of the environment in the Norwegian, Finnish and Russian border area.