Valkova S.A. Selected aspects of the current state of freshwater resources in the Murmansk Region, Russia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 2017, V. 52, No 9, p. 921-929.

Downloaded by [Professor Vladimir Dauvalter] at 05:55 30 August 2017 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH, PART A 927 accounted for in a statistically definable and relevant way. To describe the degree of contamination of freshwater bodies of the Murmansk region, the following classification can be sug­ gested: Ff < 1 - the water body has reference element concen­ trations in water (the value indicating low surface water contamination of the element in question); 1 < Ffi < 5 - moder­ ate pollution; 5 < Ff < 10 - considerable pollution; Ffi > 10 - strong pollution. Table 1 shows the heavy metal concentrations in water from water bodies of the Murmansk region according to this classification. Table 2 shows threshold limit values of heavy metal concen­ trations in fishery waters (TLVfishery) and sanitary regulations and norms.[21] Comparison of normative values with suggested criteria for water bodies of the Murmansk region showed a sub­ stantial difference, reflecting regional geochemical features shaping the chemical composition of surface waters. A similar approach was used for establishing water quality criteria for freshwater bodies in Canada and Norway.[21,22] (Table 3). The Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environ­ ment established water pollution criteria for heavy metal con­ tamination of freshwater bodies based on the existing hydrochemical water properties, beginning with levels of cal­ cium carbonate (CaCO3), which determines acid-base condi­ tions, mineralization and other geochemical indicators. Heavy metal concentrations may differ five- to sevenfold (for example, for Ni and Pb). The Norwegian pollution control authority developed a method of determining pollution based on the Table 3. Heavy metal pollution criteria (mg/l) for freshwater reservoirs adopted in Canada(Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and Norway (Norwegian Pollution Control Authority). Element Canadian criteria Norwegian criteria Background Moderate Marked Strong Very strong Cu 2-4* <0.6 0.6-1.5 1.5-3 3-6 > 6 Ni 25-150** Zn 30 <5 5-20 20-50 50-100 >100 Cd 0.017 <0.04 0.04-0.1 .2 0. - 0. 0.2-0.4 > 0.4 Pb 1-7 *** <0.5 0.5-1.2 1.2-2.5 2.5-5 > 5 As 5.0 <0.5 0.5-2.5 2.5-5 5-10 > 10 Hg 0.1 <0.002 0.002-0.005 0.005-0.01 0.01 -0.02 > 0.02 *Cu **Ni *Pb Maximum concentration limit (mg/l) at 2 3 4 5 6 52 0 5 О 1 2 4 7 Concentrations of CaCO3(mg/l) 0-120 120-180 >180 0-60 60-120 120-180 >180 0-60 60-120 120-180 >180 * - maximum concentration limit of Cu depending on CaCO3concentrations; ** - maximum concentration limit of Ni depending on CaCO3concentrations; *** - maximum concentration limit of Pb depending on CaCO3concentrations. Table 4. Average (X) reference, minimum (min) and maximum (max) concentrations of elements (mg/gdryweight), standard deviations (sn) and preindustrial concentrations (Cni) in sediments of 80 lakes of the Murmansk region and suggested pollution criteria for heavy metals in sediments of freshwater bodies of the Murmansk region. Sediments of the Murmansk region Pollution load Element X Min Max sn X+ sn Cn' Background Moderate Marked Strong Cu 27 2 94 22 49 50 < 50 50-250 250-500 >500 Ni 27 4 214 27 54 55 < 55 55-275 275-550 >550 Zn 96 16 250 48 144 150 < 150 150-750 750-1500 >1500 Co 13 2 69 11 23 25 < 25 25-125 125-250 >250 Cd 0.23 0.02 2.10 0.26 0.48 0.50 < 0.5 0.5-2.5 2.5-5 >5 Pb 4.4 0.5 15.0 3.4 7.8 8.0 < 8 8-40 40-80 >80 As 3.2 0.5 13.7 3.2 6.4 7.0 < 7 7-35 35-70 >70 Hg 0.035 0.003 0.112 0.021 0.056 0.060 < 0.06 0.06-0.3 0.3-0.6 >0.6 Table 2. Threshold limit values (TLVfishery mg/l) and tentative safe-exposure levels for pollutants in fishery waters and Sanitary standards and norms SanPin 2.1.4.1116-02 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for quality of packed water. Quality control”. Sanitary regulations and norms Element T L V fishery First category Highest category Cu 1 1000 1000 Ni 10 20 20 Zn 10 5000 3000 Co 10 100 100 Cd 5 1 1 Pb 100 10 5 As 50 10 6 Hg 0.01 0.5 0.2 part of the Murmansk region [19,20] plus one (1) standard devia­ tion (Table 1). The lakes of the western part of the Murmansk region are located at sufficient distances from industrial activi­ ties to consider them reference and unpolluted. The median value was used instead of mean because the lakes are located in different geographical zones (tundra, taiga, mountain area) and have different geochemical characteristics of their catchment areas, and there are considerable variations in concentrations. This statistical definition relies on the fact that different types of water bodies may have different concentrations of heavy metals. If the data show a low degree of scatter, then (M+sn) will be close to M; if, on the other hand, there is a large spread, this is