Панорамы Мурманска : фотоальбом : к 95-летию города-героя Мурманска / [авт. текста Мария Кириллова, Елена Михеева ; вступ. ст. А. А. Киселева ; фот. и дизайн Михаила Славина]. - Мурманск : M-ARTS, 2011. - 179 с. : цв. ил., фот.

A Page o f History Man c o lo n iz e d the Kola Pen in su la m an y a g e s a g o . A rch a e o lo g ists have fo u n d m em o ria l rem ains from th e S to n e A g e , d a tin g a s far b a c k a s th e I1 th -7 th cen tu rie s BC. Native re sid en ts o f th e pen in su la are the L app a ri, w h o have been liv in g in th e Ko la R e g io n fo r m o re th an 1000 years. T h e ir m a in o c cu p a tio n is th e h e rd in g o f re ind ee r a n d fish in g . A fte r th e O c to b e r Revo lu tion th e native re siden ts b e c am e know n as th e Saam i. D u rin g th e 11th-13th cen tu rie s P om o rs cam e to th e Kola Pen in su la. In th e 16th c e n tu ry th e y b u ilt th e tow n o f Ko la an d P e c h e n g s k y M ona ste ry. For a lo n g tim e th e te rrito ry to th e no rth o f Kola w a s th o u g h t to b e u n cu ltiv a ta b le an d d a n g e ro u s, th u s m a k in g th e phrase: "The re are o n ly th re e ste p s from Ko la to Hell." D u rin g th e 16th-17th c e n tu rie s th e Ko la Pen in su la w a s m o stly u sed fo r fis h in g cra ft (h e rrin g , co d fish a n d A tlan tic sa lm on ), m arine h u n tin g , sa lt m a k in g , q u a rry in g fu r-b e a rin g a n im a ls an d reindee r h e rd in g . A t th e e n d o f th e 19th ce n tu ry se ttle rs started th e first lum be rya rd o n th e T e rsk y shores. R om a no v -on -M u rm an w a s e sta b lish e d o n O c to b e r 4th (21st o f Se p tem b e r on th e o ld calenda r) 1916, und e r th e re ign o f th e last Russian ts a r o f th e R om a no v d y n a s ty N ico la i II. T h e first b u ild e rs c am e here in th e sum m e r o f 1915 to bu ild a p o rt an d railroad . T h e road c o n n e c tin g P e tro za vo d sk a n d th e A rctic sh o re s w a s fin ish e d in N o v em b e r 1916. In th o se d a y s th a t w a s record time. A b o u t 70,000 p eo p le und e r d ifficu lt w o rk c o n d itio n s t o o k part in th e con stru ction ; am o n g s t th em w e re re sid en ts o f th e m id d le reg io n s o f Russia, F in lan d a n d C h in e se re fu g ee s as w e ll a s G erm an , Au strian a n d H u n g a ria n p rison e rs o f war. T h e city's cu rren t n am e M u rm a n sk w a s g iv e n to it in 1917. Before th e Re vo lu tio n th e Ko la Pen in su la w a s a d ista n t part o f th e Russian Em p ire . A t th e b e g in n in g o f th e First World W ar the A rc h a n g e ls k p o rt fro ze fo r a half-year, an d c u ttin g th e n o rth e rn tro o p s o ff from th e ir a llie s. T h e o n ly sea base free from ice th a t th e Russian N a v y c o u ld fin d w a s in th e Kola Bay. T h u s it w a s d e cid e d to bu ild the port. A t first th e b u ild e rs h ad to e n jo y liv in g a t sea, b u t after a w h ile th e ir n um b e rs b e g a n to g row an d so o n liv in g c o n d itio n s were n ee d e d on land. S o th e first h om e s w e re co n stru cte d o f th e fu tu re city. In M u rm an sk th e O c to b e r Revo lu tion p a ssed peace fu lly. The S o v ie t g o v e rnm e n t w a s in te re sted in d e v e lo p in g th e North-Western re g io n , t h u s th e y su p p o rte d it by s e n d in g to th e no rth su p p lie s an d qu a lifie d spe cialists. T h e p op u la tio n o f th is re g io n g re w from 9 (end o f th e 19th cen tu ry) to th e 15 th o u s a n d p eo p le . S cien tists p repa red to se n d th e first in ve stiga tio n a l e x p e d itio n w ith th e p u rp o se to stud y fish in g po ten tial in th e A rc tic seas. But th a t p ro je c t n eve r h ap p en e d ; in M arch 1918 sh ip s b ea rin g the fla g s o f th e USA , France a n d G reat Britain e n te red th e Kola Bay. M u rm a n sk b e c am e th e first la n d in g o f fo re ign in te rvener. T h e ir p lan s w e re to tu rn M u rm a n sk in to a base , from w h ic h th e y m o ve fa rth e r to the sou th o f Russia. O n ly in th e a u tum n o f 1919 as a resu lt the stro n g o p p o sitio n from M u rm a n sk re siden ts w e re th e fo re ign tro o p s fo rced to leave. In te rven tion an d C iv il w a r b ro ke th e e c o n om y o f th e Kola R e g io n . W o rk on th e p o rt an d railroad sto pp ed . But a s so o n a s the in te rv en e rs le ft, th e p ro ce ss o f a ctive rehab ilitation started . D u rin g th e 2 0 s th e first Russian T raw le r Fleet w a s m ade. A g e o lo g ic a l e x p e d itio n fo un d a la rg e am o u n t o f apatite, iron , b ra ss a n d n ickel, th e tru e w e a lth o f th e Ko la Pen in su la. 20 M ay 2 8 1938 M u rm an sk d istric t o f L e n in g ra d R e g io n w as reinstated as th e M u rm a n sk R e g io n w ith th e c ity o f M u rm a n sk a s its centre. T h e ye a rs o f World W ar II w e re a v e r y d ifficu lt tim e for M u rm an sk a n d its residen ts. F o rty lo n g m o n th s d a y a n d n ig h t the enem y th re a ten ed th e city. T h e c om m a n d o f th e G e rm a n -fa scist tro o p s p la n n e d to ta ke M u rm a n sk in th re e days; how eve r th e y were s to p p e d by th e S o v ie t A rm y ju s t 5 0 km from th e city. In th e v a lle y o f th e Z a p a d n a y a Litsa River th e m o st b ru ta l o f b a ttle s w e re fo u g h t. T h e p la ce b e c am e know n a s th e V a lle y o f Death. N ow it's b een renam ed as th e V alley o f G lory. M u rm an sk w ith sto o d th e a tta ck s. W h en th e G e rm an com m a n d e rs realized th a t M u rm an sk c a n n o t be taken , th e y d e c id e d to w ip e th e c ity from the fa ce o f th e e a rth . T h e G e rm an a ir fo rce b om b e d M u rm an sk a lm o s t every day, som e tim e s e ven several tim e s a day. Tw o h u n d re d an d seven th o u s a n d s b om b s w e re d ro p p e d on th e city. T h a t's a b o u t 3 0 k g o f e xp lo sive s fo r e v e ry residen t. Before th e w a r th e to w n had 2,800 hou se s. D u rin g th e a ir raids 1,100 h om e s w e re en tire ly de stroyed , and 1000 w e re s o b roken tha t it w a s im p o ssib le to live in th em . O f all th e S o v ie t citie s b om b e d by the fa s c ist o n ly S ta lin g ra d (now its nam e V o lg o g ra d ) w a s m o re in ju red th an M urm ansk. M u rm a n sk w a s o n e o f th e 4 m o st d a n g e ro u s air z o n e s fo r the Germ ans. O u t o f all th e N azi p lane s sh o t d ow n d u rin g th e W ar a lm o s t 30% p e rished in M u rm a n sk (the th re e o th e r z o n e s w e re Len in g rad , L o n d o n a n d Malta). Fascist p ilo ts w o u ld say: "Better to fly th re e tim e s to Lo n d o n th a n o n c e to Murm ansk." D e sp ite th e hard tim e s th e p o rt a n d railroad co n tin u e d to wo rk. No t o n ly d id M u rm an sk p ro v id e fish fo r th e c o u n tr y b u t it also p ro v id e d a sa fe p a ss a g e fo r th e A llie s o f o th e r an ti-H itle r coun trie s to h e lp th e S o v ie t Un ion . From 1942 to 1944 u p to 41 A rc tic con vo ys c am e to th e M u rm an sk po rt (that's 792 ships). O n th e 7th o f O c to b e r 1944 the S o v ie t A rm y tu rn e d ove r to C o n tra a tta c k p u s h in g th e e n em y b a c k to th e border. In a cco rd an c e w ith th e in te rn a tiona l a g reem en t, th e S o v ie t A rm y cro ssed the N o rw e g ia n bo rd e r an d t o o k F in nm a rk from th e fascists. A s a resu lt to P e tsam o -K irken e s o p e ra tio n , w h e r e 16 th o u s a n d S o v ie t o ffice rs an d so ld ie rs d ied , th e no rthe rn te rrito ry o f N o rw a y w a s liberated. In 1985 M u rm an sk w a s rece ived th e h o n o ra ry statu s o f Hero - City. T o d a y M u rm a n sk is th e town o f sa ilo rs w ith a p o rt th a t doe sn 't free ze. On its te rrito ry are situ a ted F ish in g an d T rade Po rts, Sea T e rm in a l, F ish Facto ry, s h ip rep a irin g a n d sh ip b u ild in g co rpo rations. B e sid e s th e indu stria l en te rp rise s sc ien ce an d cu ltu re also d e v e lo p in M u rm an sk . T h e tow n has p ro fe ssiona l an d am ateu r th ea tre s, libraries, m u seum s, o ce ana rium , re se a rch -d e ve lo pm en t in stitu te s an d labo rato ries. T h e c ity also has m an y edu ca tio n a l e stab lishm e n ts, th e o ld e s t o f w h ic h are th e M u rm an sk State H um an ita rian U n ive rsity a n d M u rm a n sk S ta te Te ch n ica l University. M u rm a n sk is a c ity o f m an y co n fe ssio n s o f faith. In it th e re are 6 Russian O rth o d o x chu rch e s, se ve ra l ch a p e ls as w e ll as C a th o lic s an d P ro te stan ts w h o have th e ir ow n chu rch e s. P lans have a lso b een m ade fo r th e co n stru ctio n o f a m o sque . 21