Наумлюк, М. В. Региональная литература Кольского Севера XX-XXI века в аспекте идентичности и мультикультурности. Страницы истории и современность / М. В. Наумлюк ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, Мурм. гос. гуманитар. ун-т. - Мурманск, 2013.

Hamsun underlines strangeness and illusiveness of a northern country. Sun shines all the night around. All the night long Glahn hears rustles and whis pers of the life movement, his dreams are full of fantastic visions. Speed of rhythms of a northern country comes to an end at iron night when both people, and animals, and feelings fall asleep. Drawing a northern country Hamsun keeps its greatness, severity. How ever, Nature embodies the native world, proportional to the person. North is a peculiar land, full of various forms of life and changes. Northern nature itself consists of elemental forces related to the man’s soul. The nature not so much builds up man’s character, but becomes original music accompaniment to emo tional life of a person. That’s why Hamsun’s heroes are full of romantic dreams and irrational feelings. Sometimes they are lonely, weak, and need human un derstanding. Unlike Hamsun, Ibsen especially underlines symbolic and metaphysical meanings in his description of the Northern nature. Their abstract images be come one’s connection to the Universal Spirit. Some heroes of Ibsen’s plays challenges to a modern society, they possesses the firm uncompromising charac ters treated Protestant way. So different, their heroes occurred from one source. The ancient Norwe gian in the sagas, overcoming difficulties the northern life, were their predeces sors. Each writer paid our attention to different sides of Norwegian national identity which is determined, among other things, by their attitude to Nature. JACK LONDON (1876-1916) Jack London was the first who has created the complete and finished im age of the North in its unity of the natural, spiritual, human, esthetic features. He was deeply influenced by Darwin’s ideas of constant struggle in nature and “survival of the fittest”. He was greatly impressed by the ideal of a superman as described by Nietzsche, and was under the influence of the Marxian socialism as well. Travel to the North together with gold diggers was thfe major event of London’s biography. During a cold winter in the Alaskan Klondike, he had read the books that became the basis of his thought and writing. In the article “On the writer’s philosophy of life” London designated the main principles of creativity: truthfulness, originality, novelty, individuality in the image of real life. Northern stories of London have been published from 1900 till 1912, and travel to Alaska has taken place in 1896-97. They are written in a frank and fac tual way and notwithstanding of details, became the model of the Northern world. On the one hand, the writer reproduced precisely the geography of Alas ka and Yukon, with its routes, settlements, the rivers and the lakes, and on the other hand, he represented the North as the universal world which had a lot in common with other Nordic countries. There were boundless snow spaces, “the 106