Наумлюк, М. В. Региональная литература Кольского Севера XX-XXI века в аспекте идентичности и мультикультурности. Страницы истории и современность / М. В. Наумлюк ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, Мурм. гос. гуманитар. ун-т. - Мурманск, 2013.

of mountains and cold ijords, they aren’t static, they are in a state of storm and chaos. Many scenes which symbolize the tragedy of a human being, take place on the backdrop of the landscapes hostile to a person. Ibsen attains a great dra matic effect, when describes the terrible death of Brand under the avalanche or the end of life John Gabriel Borkman among the virgin snow. “Brand (shrinks beneath the plunging avalanche and directs his words upward): Tell me, God, in death’s abyss; - Is no fleck of hoped for bliss Earned by man’s will, quantum satis? (The avalanche buries him; the entire valley fills). A Voice (calls out through the thunderous din): His deus caritis!” On the contrary, the same severe landscapes, snow-covered fjords, abrupt breakages and glaciers served as a condition for the birth of a strong character, capable to fight with difficulties of life. Remembering the house, Brand sees snow caps, ice heaps, his mother notices that her son freezing as an icicle has grown strong, healthy capable to reduce any barriers. Northern Nature, as a symbol, consists of many meanings, sometimes opposing each other. It provokes contradictory assessments. Endless space, severe frosts, beautiful mountains, limitless ice are perceived as abstract and sacred, as the metaphor of high human spirit. They cause not only esthetic senses but also religious. Ibsen’s heroes pos sessing high soul, are often intolerant to human weaknesses. Thus, Brand, in his aspiration for great aims, sacrifices both the child and the wife beloved by him. John Gabriel Borkman breaks two women’s hearts willing to realize his dream to power. Nature is the source of divine beauty and death in the same time. Some people have more energy for life (Brand, Borkman, Nora), but others have no strength for everyday work (Agnes, Osvald). Northern nature in Ibsen’s dra mas wakes up high feelings, romantic impulses, spiritual searches and breaks dreams in collision with real life. Serving to a moral imperative in protestant way, northern people sometimes are obliged to rejoice life. The natural and so cial determinism deprives person of individual freedom. Northern people feel obliged to follow their moral duty, it is caused by ex istence in severe conditions of the north, most of them can’t rejoice life. Ibsen compares vivid and serene Nora’s temper (she has spent some years in Italy) with rigid uncompromising character of Christina. He creates opposition be tween rainy Norwegian climate and sunny Italian days. At the same time, he concentrates his attention on the inner world of the heroes and on the epic space of the Northern Nature. Without any didactics, Ibsen creates the grandiose pic tures of the Northern Nature, describes an atmosphere of social climate of his time and portrays the national Norwegian character in close co-operation with society and Universe. 103