Наумлюк, М. В. Региональная литература Кольского Севера XX-XXI века в аспекте идентичности и мультикультурности. Страницы истории и современность / М. В. Наумлюк ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, Мурм. гос. гуманитар. ун-т. - Мурманск, 2013.

In the same period in Russia three writers traveled on the Kola North: they were Sergey Maximov, Konstantin Sluchevsky and Michael Prishvin. Their im pressions became the basis of very successful and inordinary books of essays and poetry. Travel to Alaska in 1896-1897 became the major event in the biography of the well-known American novelist Jack London and the beginning of his work on a cycle of Northern stories. The main idea connecting these artists together concerned the problem of the relation between Man, Nature and Civilization. HENRIK IBSEN (1828-1906) Ibsen is known as the founder of “new drama” which reflected and criti cized the sharpest conflicts of the present. His dramas are the chronicles of the contemporary characters under the pressure of heredity and environment (and this could be applyed to Zola as well), but Ibsen was not a mere naturalist. The heroes of his dramas living an everyday life, strive for sense of being, they pos sess a strong will, powerful characters and even romantic impulses and emo tions. Some of them are created under the influence of Neitzsche. His plays are full of allegorical significance. He achieved an excellence combining of ruthless realism with colorful events, extreme situations, mysteries, mythic and symbolic motives. The relations of the Man, the Nature and the Civilization and the concept of Universal Spirit is very important for Ibsen. His heroes address to God, search for understanding of divine will (Peer Gynt, Brand, m-s Alving and oth ers), no wonder that a universal image of the North in Ibsen’s dramas reflects cosmic vision of life. The scene of action of his plays is an impressing land scape, which represents not only Norwegian Nature but Nature itself. Wander ings of a priest Brand in snow-covered mountains, death of Borkman in deep snows far from people remind us of Shakespearean and Schiller’s undying tradi tions. A terrible storm helped Shakespear’s King Lear to realize the chaos of life and to tie his fate with destinies of mankind, Shiller’s raised landscapes of the Alpine Nature force the person to dream of freedom. Ibsen draws our attention to the characteristic features of Northern Nature itself. He underlines the majestic feeling of nature describing not Homeland but Universe. Landscapes in Ibsen’s dramas become symbols and metaphors. It is also philosophical allegory about the nature of evil and good. Very often winter is the time of action in his plays. He draws snow fields, thick fog, twilights in “Brand”, it is snowing in the garden in “John Gabriel Borkman”, snowy Christ mas - is the time of action of “A Doll’s House”, winter - of “The Wild Duck”. It’s important that the most favorite Ibsen’s landscapes are glaciers, snow tops 102