The birds of Pasvik / E. I. Khlebosolov, O. A. Makarova, O. A. Khlebosolova [et al. ; English transl. Nikita Chernetsov]. - Ryazan : Golosgubernii, 2007. - 175 с. : ил., портр.

The m ean annu al tem peratu re is ca. 0°C, but the absolute maxima and m in im a o f tem p eratu res significantly vary along the n o rth -so u th axis. The coldest w inter m on th s are January and February. The m ean tem perature o f January is - 13 — 14°C in the south o f the district and - 6 -----10°C in the n o rth . The ab so lu te m in im um o f tem peratu re is -48°C; it was recorded in January. The m ean m onthly tem ­ perature o f July is 10 — 14°C. The ab so lu te m ax im um o f 33°C was recorded in July. The influence o f warm A tlantic and cold A rctic air results in a large range o f tem p era tu re variation within a year (Yakovlev 1961). For example, in w inter variation o f tem p e ra tu re w ithin 24 hours may be from -40°C to + 7°C. In w inter, sou thern and so u th ­ western w inds prevail in the Pasvik valley, in summ er northern and northeastern w inds are most frequent. The mean annual wind speed varies from 1.7 nvs-1in the south to 3.7 nrs*' in the north. The proxim ity to the Barents Sea coast governs precip itation intensity and amount. The annual precipitation total varies between 440 and 530 mm , most o f which falls in the warm period. The highest m onthly p recip itation to tals are reco rd ­ ed in March and April. In w inter more precipitation falls on the coast, and in sum ­ mer in the south o f the region. Snow cover is established at the beginning o f w inter and rem ains on average for 190—200 days. Its height increases during the first half o f the w inter, then it is sig­ nificantly condensed as a result o f snowstorms and thaws. The m ean depth o f snow cover varies between 80 cm in the south and 40 cm in the no rth . Significant depth o f the snow cover prevents the ground from deep freezing in winter. However in spring show melts slowly, thus the ground, especially in depressions, rem ains wet for a long period and takes a long time to warm up. Soil cover is formed under the influence o f low tem p eratu res, higher p recip i­ tatio n to tal th an evaporation to ta l, low ash value o f v eg etation (Belov & !*■ 16 i I . .: •V?/ A.M. Khokhlov Spring usually starts in late April, but snow cover does not melt completely until mid May.