The birds of Pasvik / E. I. Khlebosolov, O. A. Makarova, O. A. Khlebosolova [et al. ; English transl. Nikita Chernetsov]. - Ryazan : Golosgubernii, 2007. - 175 с. : ил., портр.

moves quite quickly, searching for a concentration o f prey. When it finds a food -rich patch, it rem ains there for a long tim e, carefully looks for food and picks it in close vicinity. Snow Bunting. Snow Buntings prefer rough relief. They settle between rocks, in large outcrops near m ountain streams and springs where grass is available. The birds avoid areas th a t completely lack vegetation and usually occur only in the areas where at least some grass patches are found between rock outcrops (Fig. 3.37). Snow Buntings also breed on rocky and earth precipices on the sea coast and river banks. A comm on habitat o f this bird is also heaps o f floatwood on the spits. Outside m ountains and shores Snow Buntings breed in hum an settlements. This species does not occur in flat and hilly watershed tundra. Generally, the foraging behaviour o f Snow Buntings and Lapland Longspurs is similar. Snow Buntings move on the ground w ithout hurry and frequently pick seeds and o th e r food. However, Snow Buntings live not in the flat country but among rocks and have special adaptations for such conditions. When foraging, they qu ick­ ly climb rocks or fly to their tops, look for prey, feed, and th en again climb the next rock. Snow Buntings do not need rocks as such, but rather a rough m icrorelief. Habitats o f sim ilar structure can be found between rocks, or in heaps o f floatwood, at earth steeps, near hum an habitation. The m oun tain tundra is inhabited by the birds that mainly feed on the ground. T heir diversity is due to the variety o f relief forms, vegetation, inund ation regimes. Several habitat types th a t considerably differ from one an o th er may be singled out: (1) dry moss and lichen tundra; (2) marsh tundra; (3) grassy tund ra; (4) rocky tu n ­ dra. D ifferent bird species are typical o f each o f these habitats. D ry moss and lichen tu n d ra is a habitat for N o rth e rn W heatears and Bluethroats. Wheatears occur in the most open areas lacking high grass and sub ­ shrub vegetation or scrub. B luethroat, to the contrary, often occurs u n d e r the cover o f scrub or in other habitats with lim ited view. Wet, marshy tundra areas are inhabited by wagtails and pipits. H abitat p refer­ ence in these birds depends on the m icrorelief roughness, m ainly on tussocks and hummocks. White Wagtails occur in the most open coastal habitats. Yellow Wagtails prefer relatively flat patches devoid o f hummocks and covered w ith low sedge or other grassy vegetation. Pipits breed in more closed habitats w ith pronounced m icrorelief formed by tussocks, hummocks, and knolls. All the three pipit species clearly differ in the degree o f surface unevenness in th eir foraging habitats. Red- throated Pipits occur in wet places between dense and high humm ocks and tu s­ socks. Meadow Pipits prefer to forage in the place where sm aller hummocks and 160