The birds of Pasvik / E. I. Khlebosolov, O. A. Makarova, O. A. Khlebosolova [et al. ; English transl. Nikita Chernetsov]. - Ryazan : Golosgubernii, 2007. - 175 с. : ил., портр.

and evict them from their habitats. After that, both species co-occur near each other without apparent antagonism . The spatial distribution pattern of pipits is governed by their foraging behav­ iour. Like wagtails, pipits usually slowly move on the ground when foraging and look for slow-moving invertebrates. However, unlike wagtails, pipits only very rarely make long runs or flights following mobile insects. Pipits occur between tussocks and in other rough relief. They can find food only in their closest vicinity and th ere­ fore capture mainly immobile invertebrates (Khlebosolov 1993). The foraging behaviour o f different pipit species varies slightly. The Red-throated Pipit lives in dense and high hummocks and tussocks and forages slowly by carefully searching for prey at the base o f hummocks. Meadow Pipits forage more actively and some­ times make short runs following insects that they may find at a larger distance between smaller and often sparser hummocks. The Water Pipit forages most inten­ sively. Low and sparse vegetation does not prevent him from finding suitable forag­ ing sites. Therefore Water Pipits quickly move from one tussock to another and find and capture their prey there. Lapland Longspur. Lapland Longspur is a typical bird o f zonal lowland and mountain tundra. However, not all the tundra habitats are equally suitable for this species. Lapland Longspurs avoid very wet and homogenous areas. They prefer humid and well drained areas where the diversity o f plants provides the birds with a sufficient am ount o f seeds, shoots, and other plant food. Lapland Longspurs usual­ ly settle near rivers, small lakes, channels, swamps, ponds, peat knolls, willow or Arctic birch scrub, cotton grass, sedge, gram ineous plants (Fig. 3.37). They also occur in rock outcrops near the patches o f grass tundra (Kischinski 1960, Portenko 1973). When foraging, Lapland Longspurs slowly move across tundra by short hops and often pick seeds or other food from the ground or from grass. Sometimes a bird 159