The birds of Pasvik / E. I. Khlebosolov, O. A. Makarova, O. A. Khlebosolova [et al. ; English transl. Nikita Chernetsov]. - Ryazan : Golosgubernii, 2007. - 175 с. : ил., портр.

E.I. Khlebosolov Water Pipit occurs on the sea coast in flat rocky areas with low sparse vegeta­ tion. The Meadow Pipit penetrates into the tundra along the marshes near streams and lakeside depressions. In such places it finds typical tussock m icrohabitats. An im portant condition for the occurrence o f Meadow Pipits is the presence o f low tussocks or hillocks, and patches o f grass or subshrubs, not exceeding 10—15 cm in height, alternated with open areas (Fig. 3.36). Water Pipits breed in the most open habitats, mainly on the sea coast. Habitats o f this species are flat rocky areas with sparse plants o f black crowberry, alpine bear- berry, mountain avens, dwarf willow and other vegetation 1—3 cm high (Fig. 3.36). The Water Pipit habitats differ much from the habitats o f the other two pipits, so that these species are spatially separated. On the contrary, habitats optim al for the R ed-throated and Meadow Pipits are often adjacent to or broadly overlap. Meadow Pipits arrive in spring earlier than R ed-throated Pipits and are the first to occupy the breeding territories that may include the habitats o f Red-throated Pipits. Arriving birds o f the latter species are first aggressive towards Meadow Pipits 158