Макарова, О. А. Фенологический атлас растений / Н. В. Поликарпова, О. А. Макарова ; М-во природ. ресурсов и экологии Рос. Федерации, Федер. гос. бюджет. учреждение «Гос. природ. заповедник «Пасвик» ; [худож.: Хохлов В. А. ; пер.: Кислова О. С.]. - Рязань : Голос губернии, 2016.

216 A phenological atlas of plants 10. BEGINNING OF FRUIT RIPENING, SEED SPREAD International phase code BBCH 81-86 (Growing stage.., 2001; Meier et al., 2009) Phase description The following sub-phases are distinguished: 10a. Beginning of fruit/infructescence formation: beginning of fruit set, appearance of the first green fruits/infructescences corresponding to ripe fruits in size and shape. No seed dispersal is happening yet. The onset of the sub-phase is recorded when 10% of plants in the transect bear unripe fruits. 10b. Beginning of fru it ripening (beginning of seed dispersal): first ripe fruits/infructescences appear, seeds begin to disperse. The fruits of berries are ripe, featuring full color and accomplished flavor; seeds are shed and begin to disperse. White fluffy seeds appear in the w illow family and cottongrasses. The sub-phase onset is recorded on the day when 10% of plants in the transect bear ripe fruits and begin to spread seeds. Further info Beideman I.N. (1974): Partial petal fall in specific flowers indicates fruit set in them. Spruce trees shed seeds in late winter and early spring. Seeds on snow are the sign that seed dispersal has begun. In years with a long and dry autumn seeds would be shed from cones late in November1. Pine cones open on the third spring since “flowering”; subtle cracking can usually be heard in pine woods on dry and sunny days in April or early May - it is cones opening; seeds can then be seen flying. In birch, catkins with fruits would have grown brown and begin to fall apart; the first open fruit catkins appear on the tree and winged seeds on the ground. Elagin I. N. and Lobanov A. I. (1979): Fruit ripening begins when fruits reach a size typical of ripe condition. Seed dispersal - a sign that plants have entered this phase is first fruits being eaten by animals, or fruit shedding. 1In the Murmansk Region the interval is from late March to early April (authors' comment).