Макарова, О. А. Фенологический атлас растений / Н. В. Поликарпова, О. А. Макарова ; М-во природ. ресурсов и экологии Рос. Федерации, Федер. гос. бюджет. учреждение «Гос. природ. заповедник «Пасвик» ; [худож.: Хохлов В. А. ; пер.: Кислова О. С.]. - Рязань : Голос губернии, 2016.

air. One should also observe when birds begin pecking on fruits and other animals begin to eat or carry them away. It’s important to record the end of seeding: in some species it happens a few days after the beginning of seed spread, while in others it may continue over the winter. In addition to the overall timing of the growing and assimilation sea sons, this setup of phenological observations permits determining the timing of other biologically essential stages in plants' seasonal devel opment: dormancy, shoot elongation, leaf formation, leaf senescence, flowering, fruit ripening. Some researchers (Minaeva, 2005) tend to use various pictographic signs to record phenophases, which is not always good, especially for continuity and processing of numerous indicators. Besides, observations are carried out along specially designated routes or, less often, in sample plots. These stations are not always visited according to standards. For instance, T. Yu. Minaeva (2005) reported that monitoring stations in the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve were visited every 4 days at the be ginning of the growing season, the frequency then cut down to 7 days, or even 10 days in the middle of the summer, and 7 days late in the season. A. N. Solovyov (2005a) argued that observations should be nearly daily, especially early in spring, but anyway much more frequent. There is also some discord as to the number of plant specimens from which a date should be recorded. Some specialists recommend recording the onset of a phenophase when it is observed in more than five speci mens. If a phenophase has begun in just one plant, this should be kept in mind: it means the date of phase onset w ill soon have to be recorded. It is advisable to visit the route the next day. If the phenophase still hasn’t begun, this should also be written down. Such records enable more accurate determination of dates if a sampling event has been missed. A. A. Minin (2000) proposes to use observation guidelines of the vol untary phenological network of the Russian Geographical Society, which have been extensively tried out in practice (Phenological observations..., 1982; Aksenov et al., 1985), when it is considered that plant enters a phase when relevant signs are seen on individual branches. He specified however that phase onset should be recorded when around 10% of plants of the given species are also in the phase in question. This is valid for Nature's calendars......................................................................................................... 205