Макарова, О. А. Фенологический атлас растений / Н. В. Поликарпова, О. А. Макарова ; М-во природ. ресурсов и экологии Рос. Федерации, Федер. гос. бюджет. учреждение «Гос. природ. заповедник «Пасвик» ; [худож.: Хохлов В. А. ; пер.: Кислова О. С.]. - Рязань : Голос губернии, 2016.

204 A phenological atlas of plants proceeds through autumn coloration, when leaves turn from green to late season colors, and the following leaf fall. Leaf coloration in autumn is a typical example of a gradual phase onset. Leaf fall is deemed to end on the day when all leaves had fallen or only dry leaves remain on a plant. In winter annual trees and shrubs, older leaves die back every year. Phases of the generative cycle The development of generative organs in higher plants includes five groups of phases. 1) Generative shoot growth phase. Observed as a distinct phase only in plants featuring specialized generative and generative-vegetative shoots. 2) Flower bud development phase. Flower bud development begins when flower buds become visible to the naked eye. It is termed spike phase in spiked grasses and sedges, and heading in panicled grasses. The flower bud development phase is usually divided into two sub-phases: tight (young) and loose (mature) flower buds. 3) Flowering. Flowering onset is the date of maturation of anthers and stigmas. Mature anthers become dehiscent and release pollen, whereas mature stigmas open and become sticky. Flowering in different plant species takes place at different hours during a day. Flowering in plants with well-developed perianth is deemed to begin when the first but not the only or few perianths open. Opening of perianths usually correlates quite well with maturation of stamens and stigmas. Fruit development phase. Fruit development is deemed to begin with fruit set, which is usually observed as ovary swelling right after flower senescence. The next sub-phase is fruit ripening, when fruits go through visible transformations. Ripening traits are specific to each type of fruit. Dry fruit are considered ripe once they become dehiscent. Caryopses show wax ripeness. Achenes change coat color when ripe. Many juicy fruits are considered ripe when they gain ‘ripe’ color and become soft. Edible fruits become palatable. 5) Seeding phase. The beginning of this phase is recorded when first ripe seeds or fruits appear fallen on the ground underneath a plant. In plants like dandelion the indicator is the first flower head with seeds blown away, in plants like willows and poplars it is the first winged seeds in the