Ханс Сконнинг. Первый орнитолог Пасвика : [сборник] / М-во природ. ресурсов и экологии Рос. Федерации, Федер. гос. бюджет. учреждение «Гос. природ. заповед. «Пасвик» ; [сост.: Макарова О. А. и др. ; пер.: Куринский А. С. и др.]. - Рязань : Голос губернии, 2014.

C om parative an aly sis of changes in P asv ik b ird faun a . bird species list can hardly be explained by the climate change alone; obvious ly, a whole number of factors is involved. Practically each species has to be studied separately to obtain a full overview and understanding of this process. That is why we are leaving this topic for further research. Let us briefly analyze the species composition of bird fauna at the begin ning of XX and XXI century in this area (Annex 3). The table shows that presently 17 orders with 45 families and 229 species are registered. Looking at Schaanning’s materials, we see tha t the order of Tubates (mentioned above) representatives was not registered in Pasvik. At the same time two other orders - Storks and Upupiformes - were not observed one hundred years ago. The Passerines have added four families by today (Wrens, Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatches, and Treecreepers). A brief glance at the bird fauna structure is enough to identify the species that have managed to expand their habitat northward in a 100-year time (Common Heron, White Stork, Whoop, Wren, Long-tailed Tit, European Nuthatch, and Treecreeper). These are, mainly, rare stray species, they are not numerous and do not always nest in our area. Analysis of the bird population structure in different habitats gives a more complex picture of the changes over the latest one hundred years. Presently, several types of biocenosis with different bird population struc tures are found in the River Paz valley: water areas, shore meadows and scrub, pine woods, mixed forests, and birch groves, marshlands, alpine birch groves, birch crooked forests, and alpine tundra (Khlebosolov et al., 2007). Forests and wetlands occupy the largest areas. As it was a hundred years ago, the background is represented by a relati vely small number of species in forest ecosystems: Willow Warbler, Bram- bling, Redwing, Common Redstart, and Common Redpoll. Merlin, Rough legged Hawk, Hawk Owl, Cuckoo, Siberian Tit, Siberian Jay, and Song Thrush are still very common; Tree Pipit and Common Bullfinch are few; Creeper and Golden-Crested Kinglet are rare. Only some species have considerably changed their residence status. Thus, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Siskin, Crossbill, Waxwing, Spotted Flycatcher, and Pied Flycatcher are quite common in Pasvik forests now. Chaffinch, Greenfinch, Missel, Blackbird, and Robin can be seen regularly, whereas a hundred years ago they could be found extremely rarely or could not be found at all. Analysis of the passerines’ process of populating forest habitats in this area shows a certain common distribution pattern. First, the birds appear in settlements, and then they sta rt spreading in secondary birch groves along the roads, communications and power lines, populate deserted settlements and territories around any facilities. Gradually, the birds populate birch and mixed birch-and-alder forests in brook valleys, and then - in coniferous-and- deciduous and coniferous forests. This is exactly how Great Tits have rapidly settled and become a common species in the River Paz valley’s forests in the 18 7