Ecosystem and human health assessment to define environmental management strategies: the case of long-term human impacts on an Arctic lake / Moiseenko T. I., Gashkina N. A., Voinov A. A. [et al.] // The Science of the Total Environment. - 2006. - Т. 369, № 1-3. - С. 1-20.

TI. Moiseenko et al. / Science o f the Total Environment 369 (2006) 1-20 13 Table 5 Statistical data on occurrence of major diseases in adult population in cities and Murmansk oblast as a whole Disease o f organs o f digestion Location 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Apatity 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.1 Monchegorsk 2.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 Olenegorsk 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 Polarni Zori 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 Murmansk oblast 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 Russia 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Diseases o f genitourinary system The Regions 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Apatity 41.3 50.1 62.4 55.7 59.8 Monchegorsk 33.7 43.6 53.8 32.9 53.1 Olenegorsk 23.9 25.2 65.2 29.9 24.3 Polarni Zori 26.2 45 60.8 34.6 37.5 Murmansk oblast 44.9 47.8 50.3 47.3 49.8 Russia 35.6 37.5 40.3 41.8 Urolithiasis The Regions 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Apatity 1.1 0.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 Monchegorsk 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.8 Olenegorsk 0.7 1.1 7.6 3.1 2.4 Lovozerskiy 2.1 1.6 0.7 1 1.7 Polarni Zori 2.9 1.3 2.6 3.2 4.5 Murmansk oblast 1 1 1.7 1.6 1.7 Russia 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 Neoplasms The Regions 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Apatity 13.4 13.9 14.7 16.3 13.9 Monchegorsk 9.9 10.6 14.1 16.3 14.1 Olenegorsk 6.5 7.5 21.1 9.6 7.2 Polarni Zori 13.8 15.1 15.2 15 14.6 Murmansk oblast 10.9 11.7 13 13 12.8 Russia 8.7 9.4 10.0 10.3 Occurrence measured as number of first diagnosed per 1000 population. As = 50; Cd=5. (List of Fishery-Related Standards..., 1999) . Water quality may be considered good if Itox-1 is no more than one. Dose-effect dependencies and critical levels o fwater pollution. Three dependencies were plotted for the integral parameter of toxic water pollution and rate of fish disease: % of fish with physiological deviances from norm, Z — the morbidity index (index health); % of fish with anemia (decrease of hemoglobin in blood below critical level — 80% (Fig. 6) . Analysis of these dose-effect dependencies shows that if the integrated toxicity index of water is close to 1, pathologies and dysfunctions start to appear in fish organisms. 6. Effects o f drinking water contamination on human health From the above we can see that decrease of anthropogenic load on the lake is not sufficient for recovery of ecosystem health. Let us now consider the effect of contaminated drinking water on the health of people living around the lake. The analysis of statistical data on human morbidity in cities on the Imandra shores, have shown that it is higher if compared to the rest of Murmansk oblast and the rest of Russia (Table 5) . This leads to a hypothesis that human disease is connected to toxic pollution of drinking water in Lake Imandra and its watershed. We may assume that accumulation of metals in human body will cause pathological changes in human organisms. Drinking water for Apatity and Polyarnye Zori comes from the Lake Imandra, for Monchegorsk town - from Lake Moncha and for Olenegorsk town - from the Permus Lake. These towns are located in the area that is severely polluted by airborne heavy metals from Severonickel smelters. Below we report the results of our systemic studies in 2003-05 that tracked the following compo­ nents and pathways: metals in water — their bioaccu­ mulation — histopathology — diagnosis of human pathologies. The methods of investigations are described in detail in the works of Megorsky (2003). The properties ofdrinking water. The drinking water quality was examined for samples from urban water supply. Concentrations of heavy metals in drinking water (as from the tap) for the towns and settlements are presented in Table 6 . The analysis of the data above Table 6 Concentrations of metals in drinking water (p.g/l) for cities in Murmansk oblast Cities Ni Cu Co Cr Sr Cd Pb SC,/GC1-d.w Apatity 4.9±0.6 3.6±2.5 0.3±0.2 0.13±0.07 88± 13 0.12±0.07 0.6±0.2 0.21 Monchegorsk 13.9±11.4 12.0±8.5 0.3±0.2 0.15±0.07 17±3 0.19±0.11 0.4±0.1 0.30 Kovdor 0.5±0.3 0.5±0.4 0.2±0.0 0.28±0.16 38±9 0.09±0.05 0.5 ±0.1 0.10 Olenegorsk 0.8±0.1 1.3±0.4 0.2±0.0 0.25±0.25 32 ±5 0.15±0.02 0.4±0.2 0.11 According to State Standards the water is clean since £C i/GC i-d.w is consistently less than one.