Ecosystem and human health assessment to define environmental management strategies: the case of long-term human impacts on an Arctic lake / Moiseenko T. I., Gashkina N. A., Voinov A. A. [et al.] // The Science of the Total Environment. - 2006. - Т. 369, № 1-3. - С. 1-20.

10 TI. Moiseenko et al. /Science o f the Total Environment 369 (2006) 1-20 Fig. 4. Relationships between (a) scoliosis occurrence and Sr accumulation in skeleton; and (b) Sr accumulation in skeleton of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus ) and Sr concentrations in water. between Sr contents in water and its accumulation in the skeleton of whitefish is detected, as well as cases of pathologies of skeleton tissue (Scoliosis, Osteoporosis) (Fig. 4) . In the last years scientists pay more attention to investigation of pollution by non-essential elements (Pb, Cd, Hg). Norton et al. (1990) g ive convincing data about increasing lead contents in sediments of northern lakes as a result of globally increasing concentrations of Pb in the environment. For Imandra, Cd, Pb, and Hg contents in systems of whitefish organisms were measured in 2001 (Fig. 5) . Comparison of contents of Cd in liver and muscles of Imandra whitefish with data about whitefish of Taimyr Lake (Allen-Gil et al., 2003) show that average values are close, but maximal values in Imandra are higher. Cd like Ni is mostly accumulated in kidneys, but we have no literature data about Cd concentrations in this organ. Contents of Hg in liver and muscles of whitefish of Imandra are comparable to those in lake Taimyr. Thus, Pb, Cd, and Hg contents in fish of Lake Imandra reflect global trends of pollution in northern waters. 5. Ecosystems health and critical levels of toxic multicontaminats The term “ecosystem health " is increasingly used in scientific literature of the recent decade (Adam and Ryon, 1994; Wong and Dixon, 1995; Attrill and Depledge, 1997) . Various methods are available to investigate the pollution effects and water quality change. Aquatic ecosystems are stressed in all levels, ranging from individual and up to the population and community levels. Each method has limitations and advantages, and the type of method used influences the interpretation of stressor effects on ecosystem health. Community- and population-level measurements inte­ grate the responses to a variety of environmental conditions and therefore may be less reflective of Cd ([ig/g dry wt.) Pb (|ig/g diy wt.) Hg (ng/g dry wt.) ■ ___ T . - - 1 “ S - 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 щіщщ Gills Kidneys Skeleton Liver Muscules Gills Kidneys Skeleton Liver Muscules 0,5 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,0 -1- ■ f ■ Gills Kidneys Skeleton Liver Muscules Median I 25%-75% Min-Max Fig. 5. Cd, Pb and Hg accumulation in whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus ) organs and tissues.