Korelsky, V. F. Fish, fishermen and fish industry in Russia / V. F. Korelsky. - Bremen : Krebs, [1993?]-.

with the organization of efficient operation, reorientating the production, the utilization of the equipment and personnel. All this will be the duty of the owners (leaseholders) of small enterprises where the expenditures are low due to inconsiderable oncosts. One or several small enterprises functioning in the sphere of a large enterprise cannot change the situation as a whole. Whereas the might of large enterprises is in the hands of each of them, the power of small industries is in their number, when they fill in all the finest “holes” and “pores” of the economy, supplement the activities of large enterprises and ensure their efficiency. The establishment of small business is carried out by the trial-and-error method. Since there is no necessity for large investments, the risk of opening a new business is inconsiderable but, at the same time, there is a possibility of getting profit from the organization of a personal business. Small enterprises are efficient in the spheres where their activity depends not on the size of an enterprise but on the skill of every individual (the working out of the software, public catering, small ship repairs, the servicing of the equipment and mechanisms, etc.). In cases when the output of production and servicing require their proximity to the sites of consumption (public catering, serving by agents, etc.), small enterprises is the only possible form. The second sphere of activity of small enterprises is the fulfillment of orders of large firms, their joint activity on the contractual basis with the aim of ensuring the fulfillment of the main program. With time they will become widespread in the sphere of research. In the developed Western countries firms-innovators are ready to risk, their profit depending not on capital investments but on the intellect of the researchers. The efficiency of their activity is also due to the fact that the result will be different if the intellect of one eminent individual (or of a small group) is replaced by a mass of medium intellects. Outside of large firms, small enterprises will obtain independence (and the responsibilities, respectively), and this will provide for the creative initiative and research. It is small enterprises that “generate” kinds of products new in principle, which are subsequently produced in mass by large firms. In order to lower the expenses connected with a large apparatus of management, it is good practice to use the services of small consultative firms, especially in the fields of economics, organization of labor, resolving social conflicts, carrying out revisions (auditor firms), and so on. Medium enterprises (container factories, factories producing fishing tackle, etc.) occupy an intermediate position between large and small enterprises. They are the suppliers of very specialized production the demand for which is small and the production of which is not profitable for large enterprises. The main advantage of medium enterprises is the possibility of concentrating efforts on the full satisfaction of special needs of consumers. In the developed countries, the medium enterprises win a definite sector of the market by their specialized production and occupy a place of their own, a “niche,” in the chosen sphere which protects them from competitors. When this sector of the market disappears, the corresponding “niche” disappears too, whereas the mastering of principally new kinds of production often turns out to be impossible since considerable means are necessary to obviate the threat of bankruptcy. The accumulated very specialized 1 3 9