Korelsky, V. F. Fish, fishermen and fish industry in Russia / V. F. Korelsky. - Bremen : Krebs, [1993?]-.

sphere of turnover to a production and money market exchange, from the directive methods of management of the national economy on the basis of decisions made by the administrative structures to a market self-regulation of the system. Market structures are not yet sufficient in this model because of the predominance of the state- owned property. New elements appear in the form of markets of resources, capacities, end production and services which exist alongside the system of funds distribution. Markets of this kind appeared because state enterprises got the right of free realization of the part of their goods produced over and above the state order, and also because the springing up cooperative (partially rented) enterprises got the right of free disposal of their production. The appearance of new elements in the economy led to the formation of local markets of manpower restricted by the place of residence of the working people. Because of the absence of unified markets in the country and of the prevailing state control of funds, the resources appearing on the corresponding markets are not exchanged in accordance with market regulators, which, in turn, do not exert any noticeable influence upon the supply and demand balance. The underdevelopment of markets leads to the predominance of barter operations. The inevitability of nonequivalent exchanges (due to the absence of real market prices) leads to the attempts of protecting local markets, which are manifested as the separatism in decision-making destroying the economic ties. It is shown in the scheme that the supplies of production in kind, with funds acting as agents, must necessarily pass through a directive system of management, i.e., must be approved by the government. As to the converse movement of money, the payments are carried out directly by the enterprises. Today even the realization of end products to the population in the retail trade can hardly be considered to be market relations, since the distribution of goods among regions and prices of some of commodities are determined by state structures. In addition, some goods are distributed according to coupons, cards, etc., and, because of the deformation of prices, the currency circulation plays an auxiliary part to a greater and greater extent. As distinct from the scheme of functioning of the economy of capitalist countries with developed market economy, the scheme given in Fig. 13 reflects the possibility of selling private goods and services on the market. Only this part constitutes today a market with its necessary elements, such as the freedom of partners to sell and buy at prices dictated by supply and demand. It should be pointed out that in capitalist countries activities of this kind are considered to be business activities subject to corresponding taxation. The ability of the population to act as a consumer of the end production coming from the sphere of retail trade and as a supplier of goods to the market at the same time gives rise to speculation (when goods bought in shops are sold on the market at higher prices). Complicated ties are formed when some products are exported. The production supplied by enterprises to the fund is alienated by the government and is exported at its discretion. The payment in hard currency for the exported goods is also collected by the government, and only a part of it is given to the enterprise. At the present time, it is done according to some norms, whereas previously it was quite arbitrary. The production for the export of which an enterprise gets a permission from the government 1 3 2