Environmental report strategic environmental assessment of the Russian territory CBC Kolarctic 2021-2027 / V. A. Masloboev, E. M. Klyuchnikova, E. A. Borovichev [et al.]. - Apatity : FRS KSCRAS, 2022. - 62 p.

C H A P T E R 3. B IO D IV E R S IT Y IN T H E RU SS IAN P R O G R A M M E A R EA The Russian programme area is characterized by a high level of biological diversity. The regions are located in three nature zones: tundra, forest tundra and taiga. Aquatic ecosystems are represented by a well-developed hydrological network of sea and river basins, as well as wetlands and lakes. For example, the most important wetlands are located in Nenets Autonomous District, where the migration routes of valuable animal species lie1. All three regions are characterized by the presence of a valuable commercial species — salmon (Atlantic salmon). This species is closely linked with the life cycle of the flagship Arctic species — the European pearl mussel ( Margaritifera margaritifera). Important regional marine resources include algae, which are used in agriculture, food industry and medicine. In the Russian programme area, adventive (alien) species of plants and animals exist, including invasive and quarantine species — Sosnovsky and Mantegazzi hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi), Canadian elodea ( Elodea canadensis), rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), etc. An example of an introduced species in the marine ecosystem is a pink salmon, the closest relative of salmon. Pink salmon undermines the food chain base of other salmon species and negatively affects their abundance. Anthropogenic pressure and economic activities negatively affect the biodiversity' and sustainability of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Russian programme area. For example, deforestation leads to disruption of forest functions in Arkhangelsk Region and a reduction of primary forests in the area. There is a gradual change from coniferous forests to deciduous2. Each region has its Red Data Book, where species of plants, lichens and animals in need of protection are registered5 4 5. The protected species of the Russian programme area include Lapland papaver (Papaver lapponicum), European pearl mussel {Margaritifera margaritifera ), Bewick’s swan ( Cygnus bewickii), gyrfalcon ( Falco rusticolus), European subspecies of wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus) and many others. Based on the Development Roadmap for the system of federal specially protected natural areas (SPNAs)6, nature conservation measures are aimed at preserving natural ecosystems, valuable and rare species and their habitats, monitoring the state of the environment and maintaining a favorable ecological environment for human life. The functions o f SPNAs include: -supporting regional ecological stability; -reproduction o f valuable renewable natural resources in natural conditions; -supporting a healthy environment for human life: -creating conditions for development of regulated tourism and recreation; -implementation of environmental education programmes and conducting scientific research. 'Specially protected natural areas in Nenets Autonomous District 2Byzova N. M. Spatial ecological analysis of the landscapes of Arkhangelsk Region // Bulletin of the Pomor University. 2005. No. 1 (7). Pp. 18-24. (In Russian). 3The nature and indigenous population of the Arctic under the influence of climate change and industrial development: Murmansk Region/ Ed. by E. A. Borovichev and N. V. Vronsky. М.: Publishing House Graphite. 2020.180 p. (In Russian). 4Red Data Book of Arkhangelsk Region. 3 ed. Arkhangelsk: Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 2020. 490 p. (In Russian). 5Red Data Book of Nenets Autonomous District: official publication / Ex. editor N. V. Matveeva, Doctor of Biology. 2nd ed. Belgorod: CONSTANTA, 2020. 456 p. (In Russian). ^Development roadmap for the system of federal specially protected natural areas for the period until 2020 and the draft Development Strategy for specially protected natural areas until 2030 j областная универсальная научная библиотека 17