Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

59 consequently most of the people worked already in steady jobs rather than in reindeer herding. On the other hand, liquidation of small nation’s villages sufficiently affected traditional ways of life and cultures of indigenous people. First, fishermen, hunters and reindeer herders, who were working previously in liquidated collective farms and afterwards resettled from their lands, in many cases were not provided with stable occupations all year round and worked only on a seasonal basis. 180 This also raised the problem of insufficient working places and unemployment among the resettled population. 181 The research on the implementation of the same policy in the Russian Far East do not raise the issue of housing provisions for the new settlers, on the contrary, both researches Kolpakova and Odzial consider the question of ensuring the housing for indigenous people of the Far East at the time Sámi informants stress that a place to live was a problem for people relocated from several areas of the Kola Peninsula. 182 5.5 Conclusion This chapter is devoted to analysis of the main consequences on the Kola Sámi community after the implementation of the relocation policies. The chapter discusses a number of severe effects on social and economic life of the community after the second stage of the relocations in the 1960’s–1970’s. The consequences are discussed and presented in three aspects, which concern natural resources use and traditional activities, social impacts on the Kola Sámi culture, and community well-being after the relocations. During the first stage of the relocations the Kola Sámi were still living in their traditional settlement areas and were able to use their resource territories daily. As a result of the second stage of the relocation and elimination of the traditional settlements, many relocated Sámis lost their continuous access to traditional resource areas and traditional activities in these areas. For instance, traditional salmon rivers of the relocated Sámi groups, e.g. Varzino and Jokanga, were quickly occupied by third parties, such as foreign sport fishing companies, which for many years prevented the local population from fishing in these rivers. Those who were involved in reindeer herding lost their jobs and reindeer due to the elimination of the collective farms and 180 Kolpakova 2006: 151-152. 181 Odzial 2008: 76, 153. 182 Alleman 2010: 82, 89, Gustol, 2007: 53, 54.