Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

57 afterwards (such as the boarding school system, integration into the multicultural society, and economic impoverishment) has similar consequences, which are mentioned by Duran and Atkinson. According to Halloran, indigenous people in Australia, Pacific, America, specifically Yupik, Eskimos, Navajos, Athabaskan Indians, and Hawaiian Natives, have all undergone negative consequences in the course of their histories, such as the loss of populations, lands, as well as personal and spiritual losses. Some also faced the same physical, social behavioral and psychological problems. 176 The forced relocations of indigenous peoples are common throughout the world and have similar consequences. In the case of the Kola Sámi it might be observed as an interconnection in various severe effects of relocations, which caused the decline of social well-being, leading to rise of destructive behaviors and high mortality, the emergence of cultural assimilation and poor language transmission. The final relocations to Lovozero caused a rough shift leaving a deep scar on the identity and cultural self-confidence of the Kola Sámi relocated people and their descendants. The Kola Sámi community was not able to integrate and adapt quickly to the rapidly and drastically changed environment. 5.4 Well-being aspects: lack of housing and unemployment The anthropologists Downing and Garcia-Downing argue that the negative consequences of involuntary displacement extend far beyond the loss of land, subsistence, and loss of access to common resources (discussed in paragraph 5.1). In fact the involuntary relocations lead to displaced communities facing multidimensional risks, involving such negative factors as increased morbidity, landlessness, marginalization and social disarticulation (discussed in paragraph 5.2., 5.3), loss of physical and non-physical assets and sources, homelessness, food insecurity, loss of employment. 177 The previous paragraphs were focused on discussing consequences as landlessness and the loss of access to common resources, increased mortality, marginalization, and social disintegration. In this paragraph I will touch more upon the loss of employment and homelessness suffered by the Kola Sámi community in result of the forced relocations. My informants tell that that when the collectivization policy was over, though they were not already nomadic and lived in their summer settlements, they 176 Halloran 2004:7. 177 Downing and Garcia-Downing 2010:196-197; (see also McDowell 1996:33).