Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

53 members in their use of the Sámi language in public places or when talking to their children. At the time, harsh assimilative policies pressed on the Sámi pupils in boarding schools and educational institutions (e.g. in Lovozero) resulted in many of them growing up Russian-speaking. 165 Thereby, in 1996 the Kola Sámi languages were included in the first edition of UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages as being considered under great threat of extinction. In the latest edition - UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) - the Kola Sámi languages are listed in the categories of severely endangered and extinct languages, e.g. nearly extinct (Skolt Sámi), extinct language (Akkala Sámi), critically endangered (Ter Sámi), severely endangered language (Kildin Sámi). 166 It is also mentioned that the speakers of all these languages are being relocated from their language areas to Lovozero (see in 1-4, footnote 165), what directly impacted the drastically poor language situation of the Kola Sámis today. 167 Therefore, the final closing of the Sámi settlements and relocations to Lovozero influenced the transition from the Sámi majority settlement patterns to a multicultural environment, causing negative consequences for the Kola Sámi community, such as community’s marginalization, loss of a stable social and language environment, and disruption of continuous use of the Sámi languages. The prior structure of the Sámi society as it was in sijt changed radically. The Sámi, living as a marginalized minority in the multicultural settlements, had to rapidly adapt their daily culture, occupations and living conditions to a new social environment. 165 Informant L. 166 1. Kildin Sámi was earlier spoken in many locations in the eastern parts of Kola County and the western parts of Lovozero County in central Murmansk Province, from which native speakers were concentrated (relocated; my own notes) to the county center Lovozero. Number of speakers – 787. According to the 2002 census the number includes a very small number of Skolt Saami and Ter Saami speakers (who shifted from use of Skolt and Ter Sámi to Kildin Sámi; my own notes). As cited in UAWLD 2010. Language code ISO 639-3 code (sjd). 2. Skolt Sámi is spoken today in Sevettijärvi region in Inari County in Lapland Province, Finland, mainly by people evacuated from former Finnish territory of Petsamo, now Pechenga County in Murmansk Province, the Russian Federation. The language was earlier spoken in the western parts of Kola County in western Murmansk Province, from where the speakers were translocated to Lovozero, the center of Lovozero County. It was also formerly spoken easternmost Finnmark Province of Norway, but nowadays is extinct in Norway. As cited in UAWLD 2010. Language code ISO 639-3 code (sms). 3. Akkala Sámi language was earlier spoken in the village of Babino in southern Murmansk Province, from which the speakers were translocated to Lovozero, the center of Lovozero County. The language was extinct in 2003. As cited in UAWLD 2010. Language code ISO 639-3 code (sia). 4. Ter Sámi was spoken in the eastern parts of Lovozero County in Murmansk Province, from where the speakers were translocated to Lovozero. The estimation of the number of speakers is based on recent reports indicating 6 or 11 remaining speakers. As cited in the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 2010. Language code ISO 639-3 code (sjt). 167 Sergejeva, 2002: 107.