Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

iv Table of contents Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................................ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................iii Table of contents.................................................................................................................................. iv Tables and maps................................................................................................................................... vi 1 Problem statement and research methodology.............................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement and research questions............................................................................ 1 1.3 Theoretical approach and prior research overview ............................................................... 3 1.4 Research materials and methodology.................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Selection of the informants and interviewees ............................................................... 7 1.4.2 Fieldwork data............................................................................................................... 8 1.5 My role: being a native researcher in own community ....................................................... 10 1.6 Outline of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 10 2 Contextualizing the Kola Sámi resettlement discourse............................................................... 12 2.1 Before relocations: the Kola Sámi settlement ‘sijjt’ ........................................................... 12 2.2 Sámi ‘sijjt’ on the Kola Peninsula before the 1930’s.......................................................... 14 2.3 Sámi settlements on the Kola Peninsula after the 1930’s ................................................... 19 2.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 25 3 The Soviet policies on the Kola Peninsula: closed Sámi settlements and relocations ................ 26 3.1 General views in relation to indigenous peoples of the Russian North after introduction of the Soviet order ............................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 The policy of economic centralization and amalgamation of collective farms (1950’s - 1970’s) ............................................................................................................................................ 27 3.3 The forced relocations of the Sámi people on the Kola Peninsula...................................... 29 3.4 The background of relocations............................................................................................ 32 3.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 34 4 The Kola Sámi and the implementation of relocation policies ................................................... 35 4.1 Relocations of the three studied Kola Sámi settlements ..................................................... 35 4.1.1 The resettlement of Jokanga (1963) and Varzino (1968)............................................ 36 4.1.2 The construction of the hydropower station in Voron’e (1963).................................. 41 4.2 The Sámi relocated to Lovozero ......................................................................................... 43 4.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 46 5 Brief analysis of the displacement consequences ....................................................................... 47 5.1 Traditional activities and loss of access to indigenous resource areas................................ 47 5.2 Transition of the Sámi from majority to minority............................................................... 51