Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

51 paragraph, and many of the relocated Sámi lost their private reindeer as the result of relocations. Nowadays the rights of the Sámi people to traditional land use and traditional activities are applicable and can be fulfilled only on the territories, which are recognized legislatively as territories of traditional residence and economic activities of the small indigenous people . 156 This status recognizes the territory as Sámi traditional areas, thus providing the Sámi living in these areas special rights to the use of resources. The three areas studied in this thesis are not recognized as traditional resource areas and the displaced populations are not entailed with specific rights to resource use in these territories. 5.2 Transition of the Sámi from majority to minority The eliminations of the Sámi villages and establishment of new settlements during the 1920’s -1930’s considerably influenced migration and ethnic proportions in the settlements. The elimination was oriented on joining the small collective farms into bigger ones, for these purposes people from the former villages were relocated to the newly-established settlements to work in new joint collective farms, but still most of the Sámis remained in their summer settlements. Čal’mne Varre and Krasnoščel’e were founded by the Komi Izhemtsy who migrated to the Kola Peninsula at the end of the 19th century. 157 After moving to these settlements the Sámi population became an ethnic minority. This situation caused changes in shifting the majority Sámi settlement patterns to a multicultural environment. D.A. Zolotarev, in the outcome of his expedition to the Kola settlements mentions that the introduction of such a powerful neighbor as Ivanovka is undoubtedly a threat to the existence of Kamenskij pogost, the further settling and quantitative growth of the Komi Izhemtsy with their reindeer is a threat to the welfare of the Lapps at all. Kamenskij Lapps have to think through the new conditions of their existence. They were cut off from Ponoj and joined with Lovozero and were therefore deprived of the right to participate in the salmon fishing on the river Ponoj . 158 Ethnic changes took place with the start of the elimination of the Sámi winter settlements and establishment of the kolhoz system as well as Soviet industrialization 156 Kriazhkov 2012: 48. 157 Konstantinov 2005:180. 158 Zolotarev 1927:22.