Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

49 centimeters could lead to fine penalty along with the confiscation of fishing tackles or other property, which patrols could consider as illegal. 151 Therefore, fishing brought more material losses for the population than profit. 152 However, it was possible to carry out fishing activity if the catch complied with the requirements of the attained license. The younger population is more involved in fishing than the older population as the older population still seems to be unaccustomed to the mentioned requirements. Far more serious than the introduction of various paper requirements was the long-term leases of salmon rives for private entrepreneurs, which cut off the possibility of the local population to fish on these rivers. A number of salmon rivers in the indigenous traditional territories were rented for the purposes of recreational fishing on the basis of long-term leases for private actors with the sole rights to use river resources. The usage of these rivers was also strongly regulated by the Lovozero administration, which had the sole right to decide which persons attained licenses to fish in salmon rivers. Thus, the rivers Varzino and Sidorovka near the study area Varzino were leased to the sport fishing company. The extract below is taken from the text of an administrative decision on the leasing and regulation of access to these rivers: 153 The resolution of the Murmansk regional administration on 03.04.95 № 113, Murmansk: 1. To grant the right to the administration of the Lovozero district to transfer to individual use the rivers Varzino and Sidorovka on the basis of contract agreement for the winner of tenders – the private joint stock company “Vast nature” (Mr Pettersson) for a period of 5 years for the organization of recreational fishing [...] 3. To encourage the “Murmanrybvod” (Mr Z.) to ensure proper control over the use of living aquatic resources in the rivers mentioned [...], and to exclude cases of fishing licensing without the consent of the administration of the Lovozero district. Michael Robinson points out that indigenous subsistence with its reliance on fishing and gathering presupposes accessibility to the territories. There are 65 salmon rivers within the traditional Sámi territories of which the Sámi had a license to fish only in one of these rivers in the year 1995 because many rivers were leased to foreign companies. The largest salmon river Ponoj was leased to American-Finnish company “G. Loomis Outdoors Adventure”. The price of one week fishing travel was approximately 5,700 dollars; 154 at the time the local population did not have access to 151 Informant E. 152 ibid, Informant J. 153 The agreement of the long term lease of the rivers near Arsjogk and Jovvkuj for the recreational fishing. Extract, owntranslation. Note appendix for the copy of original document (in Russian). 154 Written Fishing Trip Report, C. S. ASHMORE MD fishing trip to Loomis Outdoor Adventures in Russia, Kola Peninsula [online]. – URL:http://www.anglingreport.com/fishing- reports/report_details_over_5_years.cfm?id=298 , 03. 12.2012.