Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

48 and administration of Lovozero municipality. Several of my informants stated that employment positions at the “Tundra” were already occupied by the local reindeer herders from Lovozero, and that the reindeer herders from relocated settlements were no longer involved in reindeer herding and their private reindeer were herded by employees of the farm in Lovozero. The employees at “Tundra” were trying to preserve their ownership of private reindeer, but the meat was supposed to be delivered to the state for production, and were harvested first of all other reindeer from the other flocks. Therefore, in the process of transferring the reindeer from the other settlements and farms many people lost their private reindeer. The private reindeer of those who did not work in brigades gradually vanished, and nowadays reindeer herding is run by cooperative “Tundra” and most of the reindeer owners are workers of this enterprise. 146 Though there are reindeer which belong to a number of private persons still herding,the cooperative “Tundra” is oriented on production of consumer’s products and export. Thus, a very limited amount of people work in reindeer herding in comparison to the 1930’s -1970’s. The working places in “Tundra” are limited and consequently most of the people work at the steady jobs rather than in reindeer herding. Consequently, quite a small number of people have personal reindeer nowadays, apart from those who are involved in Sámi clan communities (obšiny) and cooperative farms. 147 Fishing as well as herding was carried out in the brigades; however people could still fish for their own purposes. Thus, it was also possible to do private fishing. 148 After the relocations, as my informants revealed, fishing was strictly regulated by licensing and the Sámi populations relocated from the areas with access to salmon rivers who used to build their livelihoods on salmon fishing lost their opportunities to continue working with the salmon and had to restructure their livelihoods from river fishing to lake fishing. 149 After the relocations it was still possible to continue lake fishing; 150 after 1990 strong regulations on licensing were introduced and the local indigenous population felt it was extremely complicated to fit into the requirements of the license, where the size of the fish was evaluated in centimeters of length and height. The fishing patrol was introduced on the lake territory, which checked the lengths of the caught fish with a centimeter ruler. The mismatch of the parameters of the fish in several 146 Informant E. 147 e.g. cooperative farms “Tundra” in Lovozero and “Olenevod” in Krasnoščel’e. 148 Informant H. 149 Informant C. 150 Mainly one lake was accessible for the fishing purposes, lake Lujavv’r (in Sámi).