Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

41 unwillingness of some people to move from their lands: but the Eliseevys 127 do not want to move. They feel good there: calmly and peaceably. Our ancestors are buried here and we will lay down here. 128 The local people of the relocated Sámi do visit their lands. For instance the people from Varzino area organize summer camps and long visits to the place of the former village, living in tents and staying at the territory of the village for several weeks. They take their children and grandchildren to pass down the old stories and place names, which helps the transmission of the traditional knowledge and memory to future generations. 129 4.1.2 The construction of the hydropower station in Voron’e 130 (1963) The background of this relocation measure is different from the two Sámi settlements of the study. The specifics of the situation are connected with displacement due to industrial development, particularly with the construction of the hydro-electro dam (GES). The relocation of Voron’e happened in 1963. Cernea highlights that industrial development in the 1970’s caused harm to many communities across the world; it is necessary to mention that projects involving involuntary displacement of populations, especially due to industrial activities are still acute topic nowadays. Cernea provides statistics which show that in 1990 from 1.2 up to 2.1 million people were forcibly relocated as the result of hydro-electric dam constructions worldwide. 131 In 1994 the World Bank review places the number at 4 million involuntary displaced by development projects. 132 Informant D was directly involved in the relocation, sharing memories of the relocation process and how the resettlement was organized: 127 Eliseevy (family name) in reference to the old Sámi couple, the last residents of the neighboring village to Arsjogk (2 km). They refused to move from their village and stayed to live there after the village was eliminated. The article «There are still Aboriginals left » describes how the old couple was surviving without infrastructure in the area, while only the border post and two abandoned houses still existed. 128 Zav’jalov J., «There are still Aboriginals left». The article of local newspaper, editor details unknown;(copy of the article is provided from the private collection of informant; for the document copy note appendix 3). 129 Informant A, Informant B. 130 Voron’e, Sámi. Koardegk was located on the right bank of the river Voron’e in the middle outflow, where the river Lun’ flows in, 60 km away from the village Lovozero. One of the oldest Sámi sijjts (‘pogost’). In 1608 the settlement enumerated 6 vezha and 17 people of male gender. In 1930 the reindeer farm “Volunteer” was established. In connection with the flooding of the area out of Serebrjanskoje water reservoir (hydropower station GES-1) the population moved to Lovozero (in 1963). The name Koardegk, Voron’e originates from the name of the river Koardejogk, which flows out of Lovozero into the Barents Sea bay. The length of the river is 155 km and the width is up to 350 m. As a result of the construction of the Serebrjanskoje hydropower stations water reservoirs were formed Serebrjanskoje GES-1 and GES-2 (the river sections of 0 - 107 km and 107 - 129 km were filled in 1970 and 1972). (Geographical Dictionary of the Murmansk region, Murmansk institute of regional education development and competence training of pedagogical staff, 1996, p. 30). 131 inGray 1996: 99. 132 ibid: 99, from The World Bank review (1994).