Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

38 Thus, those who were involved in the reindeer herding moved to Kanevka and Sosnovka 122 in the 1930’s; and during the World War IIto Čal’mne Varre, after moving from Čal’mne Varre they were moved toKrasnoščel’e: 123 A: Was there an opportunity not to move from Jokanga, but stay to there? Informant I: In Jokanga… how they could stay there? There was nothing. The collective farm took all the reindeer and sent them over to the Lovozero district. Herders with their reindeer left to Kanevka, other herders left to Lovozero, they were working there, and in 1962 Jokanga no longer existed. There was no sense to stay, as there was no production and everything was closed, shops, hospitals, schools; everything was eliminated so people did not live there anymore. The rest of the population who stayed in Jokanga after the World War II moved to Lovozero or Gremiha, which is located twenty kilometers to the east from Jokanga. Approximately half of the population preferred to stay in Gremiha: Informant I: At the time of resettlement I was studying in the Altai region. Because of the relocation there were many people who had no place to live and we moved to Gremiha where there was the least resistance. Then began the recovery, when barracks were built and housing was provided where it was possible. It was bad with housing, so everybody lived everywhere. When Gremiha started to be built, as a naval military base in back in 1932, attention was mainly paid to the construction of a naval base with its military significance. The people started staying there too and lived in dugouts, barracks, and then started the construction of civil buildings. The building of brick houses there had already begun in the 50’s and the old houses were gradually demolished. In Gremiha, the displaced population was provided with a whole block house of flats after several years, which was called by the people “the Lapp house”. The displaced Sámi people received flats in this building and the members of the village knew that this house was the home of displaced Sámis: Informant I: Well afterwards we were provided housing. The government resolution allocated all families one house, and the house is still there on the Osvobozhdenija street: it has been standing for 8 or 10 years. It was also called “The Lapp house”. Today people still call it that: “Where do you live? – they say, - “In the Lapp house”. So it was in such a way that we were allocated the housing. We received a 2-bedroom apartment in this house, and my sister got a 1-bedroom apartment. So that’s how it started. The involvement and participation of the local community in decision-making processes in this case can be defined as passive participation and participation in information giving. Chatty and Colchester mention that these types or participatory components were often used in western measurements in the 1970’s -1980’s and often presumed that the local populations receive information about the decision that is about to 122 Rus. Sosnovka. In Sámi. Sosnevke; settlement with reindeer herding state farm “Put’ olenja”; note map 3 № 6. 123 Informant C.