Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

36 already becoming very hard to live the nomadic way at times. At the time the Informant E stated: the apartment is comfortable, but it was fun to live there, even though a lot of work. But I do feel that I felt good in there, because I do not mind bringing wood, you bring it or they will bring, and so on. It was somehow better. At home, you live as you want to live. This also shows that the opinions of the Sámi people are different in the respect that some of them critically expressed both the advantages and disadvantages of resettlement, which contributed to understandings of inner and underlying processes described in the analytical part of the study. The overall attitude of my informants to the relocations from their traditional lands is negative due to the numerous stated losses and psychological traumas. The interviews and personal conversations with the informants in general provide three main aspects, which appeared to be sensitive from their perspective. These aspects are land access and traditional resources use; well-being, housing and employment; and language use and assimilation. These aspects will be more closely touched upon in the next chapter of the thesis. In this chapter I would like to focus on the investigation and description of practical implementation of the resettlement measures, directly addressing experiences of the participants of the situation. 4.1.1 The resettlement of Jokanga (1963) and Varzino (1968) The winter settlement Jokanga was located 100 km from the settlement Kanevka 117 on the north-eastern part of the Kola Peninsula. The summer settlement Jokanga was situated 10-12 km from the Arctic Ocean on the left side of the river Jokanga. In 1927 the population of the settlement enumerated 165 people. 118 During World War II on the Jokanga territory a military border zone was established, where the military troops were based. The reindeer were still migrating over these territories and some of the reindeer herders had to move to Čal’mne Varre 119 settlement, and later they were resettled to Krasnoščel’e 120 : 117 Rus. Kamenskij pogost, Kamenka; in Sámi. Kintuš; settlement with the reindeer herding state farm “Olenevod”; note map 3 № 7. 118 Zolotarev 1927:23. 119 Č al’mne Varre , Rus. Ivanovka is derived from the Sámi “čal’m” - eyes, “várr” – forest hill (translation. the eyes of the hill); earlier from the hill, which the name of village comes from, hunters were observing the wild reindeer. The village is located on the right bank of the river Ponoj. The settlement was founded in 1917 by Komi-Izhemtsy. According to the population census in 1926 it was inhabited by 266 persons, in 1938 - 216 people (both Sámi and Komi-Izhemtsy). By the 1930 the collective farm “Red Tundra”was established. During 1931-1934 Kintuš sijjt [Kamenskij pogost] was closed and the part of the population was relocated to Čal’mne