Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

33 the population from Jokanga moved to Gremiha. 109 The village Voron’e was resettled to Lovozero in 1963 together with the relocated Sámis from the other parts of peninsula. The introduced resettlement policies prioritized the rapid growth of national economic forces. Thereafter the policy relocations are often justified as being carried out in the interests of indigenous peoples 110 due to their aim towards the general growth of economic development and profitability. The specifics of development-induced relocations at this time concerns the displacements connected with industrial development, for instance constructions of the hydropower dams. As Cernea, points out there are different backgrounds for various relocation measures, but involuntary relocations caused by development projects are the direct outcome of a planned political decision to take land away from its current users […] such schemes reflect basic political choices concerning who should gain and suffer from development. 111 The justification of relocation was based on considerations of the benefit to larger population while it was believed that only a small minority of people will suffer. 112 Thus, DFDR [development-forced displacement and resettlement] is an intentional decision of authorities, which is considered to be a progressive action, reflected by a national ideology of development, and are thoroughly planned and suited to the national ideologies on how industrial development should be carried out. 113 Therefore, reasoning of the economic policies imposed on the Kola Sámis is not fundamentally different from the general values and priorities of economic profitability in development projects worldwide. Elspeth Young in his study of economic development in connection to aboriginals in Canada and Australia stresses that the mainstream development thinking is based on the common notion that modernization and industrialization are the way for indigenous minority societies to reach the economic level perceived as standard of wealth and material well-being for the society on a whole. Young highlights that these theories often refer to such values in regard to industrial programs as overall increase of income, labor wages and material growth while other priorities are perceived as primitive , backward and archaic . 114 109 The closed military town on the coast of the Barents sea, located 20 km away from Jovvkuj. [rus.Gremiha, or Ostrovnoj]. 110 Gutsol 2007:50. 111 Guggenheim, Cernea 1993:4. 112 Gray 1996:104. 113 Oliver- Smith 2009:4-5. 114 Young 1995:4.