Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

30 healthcare points, etc. were established. The people were engaged in reindeer herding and fishing at collective farms. The reindeers were considered the property of collective farms, however it was still possible to own the private reindeers 100 as a part of collective property of the state farms. The establishment of new settlements, e.g. Čal’mne Varre (1917), Krasnoščel’e (1921), Kanevka (1923), Čudz’javv’r (1934) during the 1920’s -1930’s considerably influenced the migration of Sami from the villages . The policy of the late 1930’s was oriented on joining the small Sámi sijt into bigger sedentary settlements, and for these purposes some people from the former sijt were relocated to the newly-established settlements. 101 Some inhabitants were relocated to other villages to work on the new collective farms; at the time many of the Sámis remained in their summer settlements. Čal’mne Varre and Krasnoščel’e were founded by the Komi inhabitants, 102 where after moving the Sámi residents became an ethnic minority. The second stage of relocations was implemented in the 1950’s -1970’s, when collective farms and facility points in these settlements were eliminated. The biggest collective farm, the “Tundra” was situated in the village Lovozero. The reindeers were transferred from eliminated settlements to the farm “Tundra” and its population was resettled to Lovozero. The table below describes and systematizes most of the relocations of the Kola Sámi people, starting with implementation of the first relocations up to the resettlement to Lovozero. The table describes the total amount of relocations (12) within the time period of 40 years. 100 Alleman 2010:66. 101 Čal’mne Varre, Krasnoščel’e, Kanevka, Čudz’javv’r. 102 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2008:81.