Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

29 impacts in social and cultural spheres, and language and identity loss in future generations. 96 Though the objectives of the same measures were applied to all indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Russian Far East, the differences in the policy effects and the implementation gaps are observed in regions differently as preconditioned by specifics in local economic, climatic, territorial, cultural and social circumstances as well as the range of other probable factors. 97 The discussed time frame can be described as a turning point in the national histories of all indigenous peoples in Russia: the period of the 1950’s -1960’s is the most important milestone in the history of development of indigenous peoples in USSR . 98 3.3 The forced relocations of the Sámi people on the Kola Peninsula In the course of the current study I used a descriptive-analytical approach and this paragraph aims at structuring the relocation processes. This section will provide information about the involuntary migration routes and relocations of the Kola Sámis from the years 1931-1969. The provided information is compiled of systematized written and oral data along with the own analytical implications. The resettlement in this work is presented as a two-staged process implying that the above-described policies lead to the gradual spatial rearrangement of the sijjt pattern and further displacement. The Kola Sámi people were not resettled by a single relocation measure. It is necessary to delineate the two stages of relocations. The first stage occurred in the 1930’s -1940’s when the system of collective farms was introduced (background of the policy of collectivizationis discussed in previous chapter). The second stage took place in the 1950’s -1970’s when the elimination of small unpromising settlements was carried out in order to centralize the Sámi population in Lovozero (background of the policy of amalgamation is discussed in previous chapter). The result of the first stage of relocations, as was mentioned above, was that the winter Sámi settlements were eliminated and people were settled in their summer settlements. Five winter and summer sijt 99 were eliminated. Most of the Sámi people stayed within their pasture territories, though they had to move to the summer settlements on a sedentary basis, where various facilities, such as schools, shops, 96 ibid: 152, Odzial, 2008: 76. 97 Odzial 2008: 42. 98 ibid: 42. 99 L’aozerskij, Kildinskij, Songel’skij, Ekostrovskij, Motovskij (note map 2).