Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

27 attitude of authorities to national Sámi questions was received the following answer: before we had the Soviet views, today we have the globalization. 82 The second idea concerns securing political equality of nations in multi-cultural state, liquidation of economic and cultural inequality by means of intensive economic, political and cultural development due to the influence of the progressive majority nation. Accordingly, indigenous peoples in these perceptions were regarded as primitive peoples: “wild aboriginals of the North”. 83 Thus, in many scientific works by historians and authors of the Soviet era the Sámi people are approached as undeveloped in social and technical sense, an illiterate population whose survival was still dependent on primitive tribal economy , such as hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. 84 The Soviet views on development of the Kola Sámi people were relevant in publications up to the end of the 20 th century, as in the instance of the Kozlov work (1987). The influence of politicization on scientific discourse has led to negative and distorted image of the Kola Sámi situation, placing them in subordinate and socially lower position in comparison to the majority: “Due to 70 years of the Soviet policy the Sámi has made a giant jump from natural patriarchal structures to developed socialism, from incivility and barbarism to the light of knowledge, from poverty to material security. The Kola Sámi people today – a part of new historical community of people – the Soviet people. To all the successes in economy, culture and social life they are obliged to being a part of this particular community”. 85 3.2 The policy of economic centralization and amalgamation of collective farms (1950’s -1970’s) In the beginning of the 1950’s the small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East were still occupying vast territories across the country. However, they had not led isolated existence. Indigenous peoples were living under the jurisdiction of RSFSR - The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and almost everywhere their local economies 86 were integrated into the national economy through the system of collective farms – ‘kolhoz’ . 87 82 Informant B. 83 Odzial 2008: 18, 25. 84 Kiselev 1987: 20. 85 ibid: 195. 86 most economies based on land and water resources use, ex. reindeer herding, fishing. 87 Odzial 2008:43.