Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

24 renamed Murmansk after revolution in 1917, and extensive mineral extraction, which has led to the alteration of ecological, demographic and settlement patterns. 72 Thus, in the 1930’s -1940’s the winter villages were closed and most Kola Sámi people were settled in the places of their summer settlements, i.e. settlements were emerged into one. Though the people still called these new settlements sijjt , the underlying concept of it, as it was in the end of the 19 th century, has changed. 73 As Allemann mentions, the policy of the 1930’s resulted in a number of general changes in lifestyle of the Sámi peopleas well. First, reindeer became the property of the state collective farms and were grazed by employed brigades of reindeer herders. Second, women either followed reindeer herders in brigades as housekeepers, making them food and cleaning koavas – the Sámi summer tent , or stayed in houses in the settlements. The parents were working in the tundra and children lived in the boarding schools. Finally, extensive industrial development influenced the ecology of the region as well as fundamentally changed the settlement position of the whole peninsula. 74 Wheelersburg, Gutsol and Lehtola address the changes in the early 20th century situation of the Kola Sámi people, such as introduction of the first Soviet policies and forced relocations, which resulted in disruption of the traditional Sámi siijt pattern: “The final destruction of the traditional system was the result of subsequent watershed events: collectivization, displacement of local groups of the Kola Sámi and the elimination of a significant number of traditional Sámi settlements and resource territories”. 75 “The Soviet program ultimately led to the relocation/abandonment of Saami pogosty west of the Imandra Lake watershed”. 76 “The fate of the Kola Saami in the 1900s was the most tragic of all…[as the] traditional siida collapse in the decades after the Russian revolution in 1917”. 77 72 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2008:82. 73 Kiselev 1987: 32. 74 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2008:82. 75 Gutsol 2007:10. 76 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2008: 80. 77 Lehtola 2002: 68-69.