Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

20 relations’, and ‘primitive’ cultural and economic situations of indigenous peoples in remote areas with the population dispersed around vast territories of the country. The previous forms of relations were to be substituted by new socialistic industrial relations by means of liquidation of private property and rapid growth of productive forces. 59 In practice, the liquidation of private property concerned with the policy of collectivization started in the 1930’s. The following policy focused mainly on two goals. First, was the intensive development of agriculture and profit from rural economies, such as producing food supplies for urban populations, and the supply of raw materials for the processing industry as well as agricultural exports. The main idea of this policy was to make rural economy a leading economic power in supporting the emerging industrial development, urbanization, and modernization of the country. Thus, stating from the 1920’s and up to the 1940’s, all over the country state collective farms kolhoz 60 were established . The individuals, who became members of state farms, were obliged to submit their private property to kolhoz, which was a collective ownership enterprise established as an alternative to individual possessions. It concerned mostly all non-land individual assets, such as cattle, households, and pieces of land, etc. Joint ownership presupposed centralization of all individual farming units into collective farms, which were easy for the state to control. All members of these farms worked for massive industrial production of local resource economies; for the Sámi and other indigenous people of the North it was mostly reindeer and fish. According to the economic census of 1926- 1927 in the Murmansk province were 371 Sámi households, 85 of them sedentary and 286 nomadic. Around 40% of the Sámi people were living in the coastal areas and were creating their livelihoods on the sea fishing while the rest were fishing on the lakes and rivers. The other activities were reindeer herding, pearls trade, and helping with reindeers in transportation of goods. 61 Secondly, forced collectivization was involved, i.e. deprivation of private property, what presupposed confiscations of land, property, monetary savings, etc. from kulaki. 62 These people were either arrested by prosecutors, resettled to the most unfavorable areas in their region, or relocated to the area far away from their regions, together with their families. 59 Odzial 2008: 16-19. 60 as well artel’, sovhoz and etc. 61 Kallte 2003:57. 62 The term kulaki applied towards welfare individuals, who did not want to join kolhozes, and others.