Afanasyeva, A. Forced relocations of the Kola Sámi people: background and consequences / by Anna Afanasyeva. - Tromsø: University of Tromsø, 2013. - 82 p.: ill., map, portr.

13 Sámi log dwelling with flat roof, in summer settlements people lived in ‘kuedt’- Sámi kuedt’, Rus. vezha , Sámi dwelling on the frame of poles roofed with turf, and later around the 1930’s started to build big wooden houses. 27 Population of the sijjt consisted of mostly Sámi people. The three studied settlements show the following population numbers. In 1718 Jokanga had a population of 66 people and 14 dwellings, in 1920, 139 people resided inVarzino and had 20 dwellings, in 1929, 105 people lived inVoron’e. 28 The winter settlements changed their locations approximately every 25-30 years due to the necessity of finding new pastures for reindeers, when the territories exhausted their resources; at the same time summer settlements were usually permanent. There were also temporary spring and autumn fishing and hunting territories of each kin, people lived there in Sámi tents and some had ‘ kuedt’. 29 Sámi people migrated together with reindeers for seasonal work to settlements and places specifically allocated for these purposes. However, the spring and autumn places were not considered to be settlements, but rather as temporary places used mostly for fishing, where people stayed in tents. The reindeer started their migration in April and moved towards summer grazing fields. Thus, the people of Varzino moved to the summer settlements in May or the beginning of June for salmon seasonal fishing; afterwards they moved to the autumn places and then to the winter settlement. In the spring, they stayed at these places on their way from winter to summer settlement. 30 Each large piece of land, which belonged to a village was divided according to the number of families in a settlement. The pastures and resource territories were distributed according to the long-established kinship traditions. Each family was allocated hunting andfishing territories, pastures, and moss fields large enough for the needs of survival, and these ancestral territories were passed to descendants by inheritance. 31 Villages were integrated along family lines, with villages sharing mates, resource territories and economic activities. 32 One of the specific features of the traditional Sámi reindeer herding was free grazing of reindeers with autumn time collection of the flocks. 33 However, in the 19 th century, the western settlements as a rule practiced mixed economies along with fishing 27 Informant C. 28 Mironova 2009:4, Gutsol 2007: 20. 29 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2009:222. 30 Informant A. 31 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2008: 79; Kalte 2003:60. 32 Wheelersburg, Gutsol 2009: 222. 33 Konstantinov 2005:179.